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Perception is the organization,identification,and interpretation of sensory information in order to represent and understand the presented information or environment. All perception involves signals that go through the nervous system,which in turn result from physical or chemical stimulation of the sensory system. Vision involves light striking the retina of the eye;smell is mediated by odor molecules;and hearing involves pressure waves.
An illusion is a distortion of the senses,which can reveal how the mind normally organizes and interprets sensory stimulation. Although illusions distort the human perception of reality,they are generally shared by most people.
In visual perception,an optical illusion is an illusion caused by the visual system and characterized by a visual percept that arguably appears to differ from reality. Illusions come in a wide variety;their categorization is difficult because the underlying cause is often not clear but a classification proposed by Richard Gregory is useful as an orientation. According to that,there are three main classes:physical,physiological,and cognitive illusions,and in each class there are four kinds:Ambiguities,distortions,paradoxes,and fictions. A classical example for a physical distortion would be the apparent bending of a stick half immersed in water;an example for a physiological paradox is the motion aftereffect. An example for a physiological fiction is an afterimage. Three typical cognitive distortions are the Ponzo,Poggendorff,and Müller-Lyer illusion. Physical illusions are caused by the physical environment,e.g. by the optical properties of water. Physiological illusions arise in the eye or the visual pathway,e.g. from the effects of excessive stimulation of a specific receptor type. Cognitive visual illusions are the result of unconscious inferences and are perhaps those most widely known.
The Müller-Lyer illusion is an optical illusion consisting of three stylized arrows. When viewers are asked to place a mark on the figure at the midpoint,they tend to place it more towards the "tail" end. The illusion was devised by Franz Carl Müller-Lyer (1857–1916),a German sociologist,in 1889.
Depth perception is the ability to perceive distance to objects in the world using the visual system and visual perception. It is a major factor in perceiving the world in three dimensions
Multisensory integration,also known as multimodal integration,is the study of how information from the different sensory modalities may be integrated by the nervous system. A coherent representation of objects combining modalities enables animals to have meaningful perceptual experiences. Indeed,multisensory integration is central to adaptive behavior because it allows animals to perceive a world of coherent perceptual entities. Multisensory integration also deals with how different sensory modalities interact with one another and alter each other's processing.
The Hering illusion is one of the geometrical-optical illusions and was discovered by the German physiologist Ewald Hering in 1861. When two straight and parallel lines are presented in front of a radial background,the lines appear as if they were bowed outwards. The Orbison illusion is one of its variants,while the Wundt illusion produces a similar,but inverted effect.
The two-streams hypothesis is a model of the neural processing of vision as well as hearing. The hypothesis,given its initial characterisation in a paper by David Milner and Melvyn A. Goodale in 1992,argues that humans possess two distinct visual systems. Recently there seems to be evidence of two distinct auditory systems as well. As visual information exits the occipital lobe,and as sound leaves the phonological network,it follows two main pathways,or "streams". The ventral stream leads to the temporal lobe,which is involved with object and visual identification and recognition. The dorsal stream leads to the parietal lobe,which is involved with processing the object's spatial location relative to the viewer and with speech repetition.
The lilac chaser is a visual illusion,also known as the Pac-Man illusion. It consists of 12 lilac,blurred discs arranged in a circle,around a small black,central cross on a grey background. One of the discs disappears briefly,then the next,and the next,and so on,in a clockwise direction. When one stares at the cross for at least 30 seconds,one sees three illusions
- A gap running around the circle of lilac discs;
- A green disc running around the circle of lilac discs in place of the gap;and
- The green disc running around on the grey background,with the lilac discs having disappeared in sequence.
Illusory contours or subjective contours are visual illusions that evoke the perception of an edge without a luminance or color change across that edge. Illusory brightness and depth ordering often accompany illusory contours. Friedrich Schumann is often credited with the discovery of illusory contours around the beginning of the 20th century,but they are present in art dating to the Middle Ages. Gaetano Kanizsa’s 1976 Scientific American paper marked the resurgence of interest in illusory contours for vision scientists.
The flash lag illusion or flash-lag effect is a visual illusion wherein a flash and a moving object that appear in the same location are perceived to be displaced from one another. Several explanations for this simple illusion have been explored in the neuroscience literature.
In psychology and neuroscience,time perception or chronoception is the subjective experience,or sense,of time,which is measured by someone's own perception of the duration of the indefinite and unfolding of events. The perceived time interval between two successive events is referred to as perceived duration. Though directly experiencing or understanding another person's perception of time is not possible,perception can be objectively studied and inferred through a number of scientific experiments. Some temporal illusions help to expose the underlying neural mechanisms of time perception.
The Chubb illusion is an optical illusion or error in visual perception in which the apparent contrast of an object varies substantially to most viewers depending on its relative contrast to the field on which it is displayed. These visual illusions are of particular interest to researchers because they may provide valuable insights in regard to the workings of human visual systems.
Dale Purves is an American neuroscientist. He is Geller Professor of Neurobiology Emeritus in the Duke Institute for Brain Sciences where he remains Research Professor with additional appointments in the department of Psychology and Brain Sciences,and the department of Philosophy at Duke University. He earned a B.A. from Yale University in 1960 and an M.D. from Harvard Medical School in 1964. After further clinical training as a surgical resident at the Massachusetts General Hospital,service as a Peace Corps physician,and postdoctoral training at Harvard and University College London,he was appointed to the faculty at Washington University School of Medicine in 1973. He came to Duke in 1990 as the founding chair of the Department of Neurobiology at Duke Medical Center,and was subsequently Director of Duke's Center for Cognitive Neuroscience (2003-2009) and also served as the Director of the Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Program at the Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School in Singapore (2009-2013).
In human visual perception,the visual angle,denoted θ,subtended by a viewed object sometimes looks larger or smaller than its actual value. One approach to this phenomenon posits a subjective correlate to the visual angle:the perceived visual angle or perceived angular size. An optical illusion where the physical and subjective angles differ is then called a visual angle illusion or angular size illusion.
Bayesian approaches to brain function investigate the capacity of the nervous system to operate in situations of uncertainty in a fashion that is close to the optimal prescribed by Bayesian statistics. This term is used in behavioural sciences and neuroscience and studies associated with this term often strive to explain the brain's cognitive abilities based on statistical principles. It is frequently assumed that the nervous system maintains internal probabilistic models that are updated by neural processing of sensory information using methods approximating those of Bayesian probability.
Visual perception is the ability to interpret the surrounding environment through photopic vision,color vision,scotopic vision,and mesopic vision,using light in the visible spectrum reflected by objects in the environment. This is different from visual acuity,which refers to how clearly a person sees. A person can have problems with visual perceptual processing even if they have 20/20 vision.
In psychology,visual capture is the dominance of vision over other sense modalities in creating a percept. In this process,the visual senses influence the other parts of the somatosensory system,to result in a perceived environment that is not congruent with the actual stimuli. Through this phenomenon,the visual system is able to disregard what other information a different sensory system is conveying,and provide a logical explanation for whatever output the environment provides. Visual capture allows one to interpret the location of sound as well as the sensation of touch without actually relying on those stimuli but rather creating an output that allows the individual to perceive a coherent environment.
Chronostasis is a type of temporal illusion in which the first impression following the introduction of a new event or task-demand to the brain can appear to be extended in time. For example,chronostasis temporarily occurs when fixating on a target stimulus,immediately following a saccade. This elicits an overestimation in the temporal duration for which that target stimulus was perceived. This effect can extend apparent durations by up to half a second and is consistent with the idea that the visual system models events prior to perception.
Melvyn Alan Goodale FRSC,FRS is a Canadian neuroscientist. He was the founding Director of the Brain and Mind Institute at the University of Western Ontario where he holds the Canada Research Chair in Visual Neuroscience. He holds appointments in the Departments of Psychology,Physiology &Pharmacology,and Ophthalmology at Western. Goodale's research focuses on the neural substrates of visual perception and visuomotor control.
References
- 1 2 "Mark Changizi". U.S. Virtual Embassy Iran. 2015-01-01. Retrieved 2021-02-21.
- ↑ Changizi, Mark. "About" . Retrieved August 19, 2022.
- ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-03-23. Retrieved 2015-03-08.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ↑ "Changizi M A, Widders D M, 2002, "Latency correction explains the classical geometrical illusions" Perception 31(10) 1241–1262". Archived from the original on 2014-08-30. Retrieved 2015-03-08.
- ↑ http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1080/03640210802035191/abstract;jsessionid=B857A7C7D319527C0C8FD4E1E24EB6A4.f03t03 Changizi MA, Hsieh A, Nijhawan R, Kanai R, Shimojo S, 2008, "Perceiving the present and a systematization of illusions," Cognitive Science 32(3):459-503]
- ↑ "Mark Changizi". January 2015.
- ↑ "Mark Changizi - Mark Changizi Home Page". Changizi.com. Retrieved 2021-11-21.
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