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The Marudhu Pandiyars [1] (Periya Marudhu and Chinna Marudhu) were de facto rulers of Sivagangai, Tamil Nadu, India, towards the end of the 18th century. They were known for fighting against the East India Company. [2] They were finally executed by the EIC after being captured by them. [3]
Periya and Chinna Marudhu, [4] sons of Mookiah Palaniappan Servai was native of Mukkulam, near Narikudi which was 18 miles away from Aruppukottai. Their mother Anandhayee alias Ponnathal was native of Pudhupatti near Sivagangai. Both the Brothers were born at Mukkulam in the year 1748 and 1753 respectively. The first son was named as Vellai Marudhu alias Periya Marudhu and the second son as Chinna Marudhu.
In 1772, British East India company had killed Muthuvaduganatha Thevar over his refusal to pay taxes. [5] However Marudhu Pandiyar and Queen Velunachiyar escaped, and stayed with Gopala Nayak in Virupatchi for 8 years. After this time, an alliance of kingdoms led by the Pandiyar attacked Sivagangai and retook it in 1789. Both Maruthu Pandiyar were given high positions in the kingdom. [6]
They were good at aerodynamics and craftsmanship and is said to have invented the Valari, a variant of the boomerang.
The Marudhu Pandiyars, planned to wage war against East India Company in India. They gave protection to Oomaithurai Kumaraswamy who was temporarily seeking refuge from the chaos of war. They along with the war leader, Sivagangai and many of their family members, were captured at Cholapuram and were killed at Tiruppattur. They were hanged at the fort in Tirupputhur, which is now Sivaganga district, Tamil Nadu, on 24 October 1801. [7] The burial place of Maruthu Pandiyars is located at Sivagangai .
Maruthu Brothers are good in aerodynamics and invented many variants of spears and Valari. [8] They also founded guerilla war tactic in India during the early stages of colonization. A commemorative postage stamp was released in October 2004. [4] [9] Every year people conduct Maruthu Pandiyars Guru Pooja at the Kalayarkovil temple in October. [10]
Local Tamilians are also worshiping them and there is a temple dedicated and located at Batu Dua Mariamman Temple, Sungai Petani, Kedah state at Malaysia.
A film was done about their lives in 1959: Sivagangai Seemai .
The Polygar Wars or Palaiyakkarar Wars were wars fought between the Polygars (Palaiyakkarars) of the former Tirunelveli Kingdom in Tamil Nadu, India and the British East India Company forces between March 1799 to May 1802 or July 1805. The British finally won after carrying out gruelling protracted jungle campaigns against the Polygar armies. Many people died on both sides and the victory over the Polygars brought large parts of the territories of Tamil Nadu under British control, enabling them to get a strong hold in Southern India.
Ramanathapuram, also known as Ramnad, is a city and a municipality in Ramanathapuram district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is the administrative headquarters of Ramanathapuram district and the second largest town in Ramanathapuram district. Soon the Ramanathapuram Civic body to be upgraded as Municipal Corporation, after merging with nearby panchayats.
Sivaganga is a City and headquarters of the Sivaganga district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.
Ramanathapuram District, also known as Ramnad District, is one of the 38 districts an administrative districts of Tamil Nadu state in southern India. The old Ramanathapuram District consists of Present day Virudhunagar and Sivagangai districts, it touches the Western ghats and bordered with the state of Kerala and east by Bay of Bengal. It was the largest district on that time. The town of Ramanathapuram is the district headquarters. Ramanthapuram District has an area of 4,123 km2. It is bounded on the north by Sivaganga District, on the northeast by Pudukkottai District, on the east by the Palk Strait, on the south by the Gulf of Mannar, on the west by Thoothukudi District, and on the northwest by Virudhunagar District. The district contains the Pamban Bridge, an east–west chain of low islands and shallow reefs that extend between India and the island nation of Sri Lanka, and separate the Palk Strait from the Gulf of Mannar. The Palk Strait is navigable only by shallow-draft vessels. As of 2011, Ramanathapuram district had a population of 1,353,445 with a sex-ratio of 983 females for every 1,000 males. The district is home to the pilgrimage center of Rameswaram and tourist spot Dhanushkodi, an abandoned town.
Sivaganga District is one of the 38 districts in Tamil Nadu state, India. This district was formed on 15 March 1985 by trifurcation of Ramanathapuram district into Ramanathapuram, Virudhunagar and Sivagangai districts. Sivaganga is the district headquarters. Karaikudi is the most populous Town as well as City Corporation in the district. It is bounded by Pudukkottai district on the Northeast, Tiruchirapalli district on the North, Ramanathapuram district on South East, Virudhunagar district on South West and Madurai District on the West. The area's other larger towns include Sivagangai, Kalayar Kovil, Devakottai, Manamadurai, ilayangudi, Thiruppuvanam, Singampunari and Tiruppattur. As of 2011, the district had a population of 1,339,101 with a sex ratio of 1,003 females for every 1,000 males.
Veerapandiya Kattabomman was an 18th-century Palayakarrar and king of Panchalankurichi in Tamil Nadu, India. He fought the British East India Company and was captured by the British with the help of the ruler of the kingdom of Pudukottai, Vijaya Raghunatha Tondaiman, and at the age of 39 he was hanged at Kayathar on 16 October 1799.
The Dindigul Fort or Dindigul Malai Kottai and Abirami amman Kalaheswarar Temple was built in 16th-century by Madurai Nayakar Dynasty situated in the town of Dindigul in the state of Tamil Nadu in India. The fort was built by the Madurai Nayakar king Muthu Krishnappa Nayakar in 1605. In the 18th century the fort passed on to Kingdom of Mysore. Later it was occupied by Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan the fort was of strategic importance. In 1799 it went to the control of the British East India Company during the Polygar Wars. There is an abandoned temple on its peak apart from few cannons sealed with balls inside. In modern times, the fort is maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India and is open to tourists.
Kalaiyar Kovil is a Town and a Panchayat Union in Sivaganga District, Tamil Nadu, India. Kalayarkoil is a Taluk in Sivaganga District of Tamil Nadu State, India. It comes It is located 18 km towards East from District headquarters Sivaganga.466 km from State capital Chennai.
Palaiyakkarars, or Poligar, Palegara in Andhra, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu refers to the holder of a small kingdom as a feudatory to a greater sovereign. Under this system, palayam was given for valuable military services rendered by any individual. The word pālayam means domain, a military camp, or a small kingdom. This type of Palayakkarars system was in practice during the rule of Pratapa Rudhra of Warangal in the Kakatiya kingdom. The system was put in place in Tamil Nadu by Viswanatha Nayak, when he became the Nayak ruler of Madurai in 1529, with the support of his minister Ariyanathar. Traditionally there were supposed to be 72 Palayakkarars. The majority of those Palaiyakkarar, who during the late 17th- and 18th-centuries controlled much of the Telugu region as well as the Tamil area, had themselves come from the Kallar, Maravar and Vatuka communities.
Sivagangai Seemai is a 1959 Indian Tamil-language historical drama film directed by K. Shankar and written by Kannadasan. Based on the life of the Maruthu Pandiyars, the film stars S. S. Rajendran, S. Varalakshmi, Kamala Lakshmanan and M. N. Rajam. It was released on 19 May 1959.
The estate of Sivaganga, as per British records also known as Kingdom of the Lesser Marava, was a permanently settled zamindari estate in the Ramnad sub-division of Madura district, Madras Presidency, British India. Along the estate of Ramnad, it formed one of the two zamindari estates of Ramnad subdivision.
Rani Velu Nachiyar was a queen of Sivaganga estate from c. 1780–1790. She was the first Indian queen to wage war with the East India Company in India. She is known by Tamils as Veeramangai. With the support of Hyder Ali's army, feudal lords, the Maruthu Brothers, Dalit commanders, and Thandavarayan Pillai, she fought the East India company.
Sundaralinga Kudumbanar, also known as "Veeran" Sundaralingam Kudumbanar, was an 18th-century CE general from Tamil Nadu, India.
The Indian independence movement had a long history in the Tamil-speaking districts of the then Madras Presidency going back to the 18th century.
Mallakottai is the name of a panchayat village in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It was one of the villages of the ancient "Mallakottai Nadu" once, which was a part of 'Sivagangai Seemai'..
Vellalur Nadu is a Tamil cultural village located in Melur Taluk in Madurai District in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Vellalur is 8.3 km from Melur, the Taluk main town; 32.1 km from Madurai East, the district's main city; 395 km from Chennai, the state's main city; and 18 km from Sivagangai. Sub-villages in Vellalur include Kattasolaipatti, Mandramalaipatti, Melavalasai, Vellanayagampatti, Idayavalasai, Mattangipatti and Edaiyarkovilpatti. Nearby temples include Karungal Swami, Manthakk Kovil, Karpaga Vinayakar, Vallidikaar, and Chinna Elai Kaatha Amman Temple. Periya Elai Kaatha Amman Temple is situated 5 km away. A two-week festival for Elai Kaatha Amman Temple is celebrated yearly starting on the last week of September. A government primary health center is located in the village. The center provides general medical services 24 hours-per-day and has a siddha medicine department. Sports clubs include various cricket clubs.
Kuyili was an army commander of queen Velu Nachiyar who participated in campaigns against the East India Company in the 18th century. She is considered the first suicide bomber and "first woman martyr" in Indian history.
Sivaganga Palace is a palace in Sivaganga district, Tamil Nadu, southern India, about 40 kilometres (25 mi) from Madurai. It is an old royal palace, with many historical connections. The palace was used as residence by queens Velu Nachiyar (1780–90), Vellacci Nachiyar (1790–93) and Rani Kaathama Nachiar (1864–77). No remains of the original Sivaganga Palace exist, but a new palace, known as "Gowri Vilasam", was built by Padamathur Gowry Vallabha Thevar (1801-1829) in the year 19th century. A heritage site of Chettinad, it was the property of Rani Velu Nachiar.
Thaai Manasu is a 1994 Indian Tamil-language action drama film directed by Kasthuri Raja. The film stars Saravanan, Suvarna Mathew, Babloo Prithiveeraj and Meera, with Vijayakumar, Manorama, Goundamani, Senthil and Karikalan playing supporting roles.
Poovanthi is a small village in the Sivaganga district of Tamil Nadu, India. Poovanthi is under the Manamadurai assembly constituency and Sivagangai Lok Sabha constituency. The primary source of income is agriculture.