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Tourette syndrome or Tourette's syndrome is a common neurodevelopmental disorder that begins in childhood or adolescence. It is characterized by multiple movement (motor) tics and at least one vocal (phonic) tic. Common tics are blinking, coughing, throat clearing, sniffing, and facial movements. These are typically preceded by an unwanted urge or sensation in the affected muscles known as a premonitory urge, can sometimes be suppressed temporarily, and characteristically change in location, strength, and frequency. Tourette's is at the more severe end of a spectrum of tic disorders. The tics often go unnoticed by casual observers.
Pimozide is a neuroleptic drug of the diphenylbutylpiperidine class. It was discovered at Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1963. It has a high potency compared to chlorpromazine. On a weight basis it is even more potent than haloperidol. It also has special indication for Tourette syndrome and resistant tics.
Coprolalia is involuntary swearing or the involuntary utterance of obscene words or socially inappropriate and derogatory remarks. The word comes from the Greek κόπρος, meaning "dung, feces", and λαλιά "speech", from λαλεῖν "to talk".
A tic is a sudden and repetitive motor movement or vocalization that is not rhythmic and involves discrete muscle groups. It is typically brief and may resemble a normal behavioral characteristic or gesture.
Anthony David FMedSci is a British neuropsychiatrist based at University College London. Previously tenured as professor of cognitive neuropsychiatry and Vice Dean at the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, since 2018 he has been Director, University College London, Institute of Mental Health. He is the father of Rebecca David, a Senior Campaign Manager at Influencer LTD and Michael David a junior doctor.
Neuropsychiatry is a branch of medicine that deals with psychiatry as it relates to neurology, in an effort to understand and attribute behavior to the interaction of neurobiology and social psychology factors. Within neuropsychiatry, the mind is considered "as an emergent property of the brain", whereas other behavioral and neurological specialties might consider the two as separate entities. Those disciplines are typically practiced separately.
Tic disorders are defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) based on type and duration of tics. Tic disorders are defined similarly by the World Health Organization.
Georges Albert Édouard Brutus Gilles de la Tourette was a French neurologist and the namesake of Tourette syndrome, a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by tics. His main contributions in medicine were in the fields of hypnotism and hysteria.
Tourette syndrome is an inherited neurodevelopmental disorder that begins in childhood or adolescence, characterized by the presence of motor and phonic tics. The management of Tourette syndrome has the goal of managing symptoms to achieve optimum functioning, rather than eliminating symptoms; not all persons with Tourette's require treatment, and there is no cure or universally effective medication. Explanation and reassurance alone are often sufficient treatment; education is an important part of any treatment plan.
Causes and origins of Tourette syndrome have not been fully elucidated. Tourette syndrome is an inherited neurodevelopmental disorder that begins in childhood or adolescence, characterized by the presence of multiple motor tics and at least one phonic tic, which characteristically wax and wane. Tourette's syndrome occurs along a spectrum of tic disorders, which includes transient tics and chronic tics.
Arthur K. Shapiro, M.D., was an American psychiatrist and expert on Tourette syndrome. His "contributions to the understanding of Tourette syndrome completely changed the prevailing view of this disorder"; he has been described as "the father of modern tic disorder research" and is "revered by his colleagues as the first dean of modern Tourette syndrome researchers".
Dame Uta Frith is a German-British developmental psychologist and emeritus professor in cognitive development at the Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience at University College London (UCL). She pioneered much of the current research into autism and dyslexia. Her book Autism: Explaining the Enigma introduced the cognitive neuroscience of autism. She is credited with creating the Sally–Anne test along with fellow scientists Alan Leslie and Simon Baron-Cohen. Among students she has mentored are Tony Attwood, Maggie Snowling, Simon Baron-Cohen and Francesca Happé.
Tourette syndrome (TS) is an inherited neurological disorder that begins in childhood or adolescence, characterized by the presence of multiple physical (motor) tics and at least one vocal (phonic) tic.
Brain fag syndrome (BFS) describes a set of symptoms including difficulty in concentrating and retaining information, head and or neck pains, and eye pain. Brain fag is believed to be most common in adolescents and young adults due to the pressure occurring in life during these years. The term, now outdated, was first used in 19th-century Britain before becoming a colonial description of Nigerian high school and university students in the 1960s. Its consideration as a culture-bound syndrome caused by excessive pressure to be successful among the young is disputed by Ayonrinde (2020)
Tourettes Action is a United Kingdom support and research charity for people with Tourette syndrome (TS) and their families. TS is a neurological condition characterised by tics—involuntary sounds and movements.
The health of Samuel Johnson has been a focus of the biographical and critical analysis of his life. His medical history was well documented by Johnson and his friends, and those writings have allowed later critics and doctors to infer diagnoses of conditions that were unknown in Johnson's day.
James Frederick Leckman is an American child psychiatrist and psychoanalyst and the Neison Harris Professor of Child Psychiatry, Psychiatry, Psychology and Pediatrics at the Yale School of Medicine, recognized for his research in Tourette syndrome (TS) and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD).
Ulisa Diane Buckingham is an African-American psychiatrist known for her development of culturally sensitive diagnosis and treatment of mental illness in children and adolescents.
Valsamma Eapen is a chair of infant, child and adolescent psychiatry at UNSW Sydney. She is a fellow of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists, and the Royal College of Psychiatrists, UK.
References
- 1 2 "Mary Robertson: unravelling Tourette's syndrome — The Lancet Psychiatry".
- 1 2 Howlin, Patricia; Charman, Tony; Ghaziuddin, Mohammad (31 January 2011). The SAGE Handbook of Developmental Disorders. SAGE. ISBN 978-1-4462-5279-6 – via Google Books.
- ↑ "The NHS hospital: the hell of finding myself in a hospital bed". The Telegraph. 9 March 2010.
- ↑ "Robertson entertains her doctors". UCT News. 4 May 2010. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
- ↑ https://acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01599.x in which she is described as «a leading expert in the field of Tourette Syndrome»
- ↑ Rickards, Hugh; Paschou, Peristera; Rizzo, Renata; Stern, Jeremy S. (4 November 2013). "A Brief History of the European Society for the Study of Tourette Syndrome". Behavioural Neurology. 27 (1): 3–5. doi: 10.1155/2013/354604 . PMC 5215359 . PMID 23187138.
- ↑ "ESSTS | Meetings | Happy Birthday Mary Robertson!". www.essts.org.
- ↑ Warner, James (July 1996). "Psychiatry at a Glance. By Cornelius Katona and Mary Robertson. Oxford: Blackwell Science. 1995. 80 pp. £9.95 (pb)". British Journal of Psychiatry. 169 (1): 127. doi:10.1192/S0007125000145271. ISSN 0007-1250.
- ↑ Shepherd, Simon (May 1996). "Psychiatry at a Glance". British Journal of General Practice . 46 (406): 322–323. PMC 1239655 .
- ↑ "Psychiatry at a glance, 3d ed". Scitech Book News. 30 (4). Portland. December 2006. ProQuest 200143385 – via ProQuest.
- ↑ Shafran, Roz (July 2000). "Tourette Syndrome: The Facts; M.M. Robertson, S. Baron-Cohen: Oxford University Press, Oxford (1998), 110 pp., £9.99". Behaviour Research and Therapy. 38 (7): 748–749. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00114-X.
- ↑ Hutchinson, Liz (July 2009). "M. Robertson A. Cavanna 2008: Tourette syndrome, second edition. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 168 pp, £13.99 paperback. ISBN 978-0-19-929 819-8". Primary Health Care Research & Development. 10 (3): 279. doi:10.1017/S1463423609001212 (inactive 5 December 2024). ISSN 1463-4236.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of December 2024 (link) - ↑ "Book reviews". British Journal of Special Education. 29 (1): 52–53. March 2002. doi:10.1111/1467-8527.00239. ISSN 0952-3383.
- ↑ Hickman, Christine (November 2006). "REVIEWS". Support for Learning. 21 (4): 219. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9604.2006.00436.x. ISSN 0268-2141.
