Matchless G3/L

Last updated

Matchless G3/L
Matchless WG3L 350.jpg
ManufacturerMatchless
Production1939-46
PredecessorMatchless G3
Engine 349cc air cooled single
Power 16 BHP @ 5200 rpm
Transmission 4 speed with chain drive

The Matchless G3/L is a motorcycle developed for use by the British Army during the Second World War, [1] when Matchless manufactured 80,000 G3 and G3/L models. The G3/L became one of the most popular motorcycles used during the war,[ citation needed ] as it was the first to replace the unforgiving "girder" front forks with a new technology, "Teledraulic" suspension. The Ministry of Defence continued to use the bikes into the 1960s. [1]

Contents

Development

Pre war Matchless G3 from which the G3/L was developed Matchless G3 1939.JPG
Pre war Matchless G3 from which the G3/L was developed

In 1940 the British War Office requisitioned every available Matchless motorcycle to replace those lost at Dunkirk. [2] Developed from the pre-war G3, the 'L' in the G3/L stood for "lightweight" in response to the War Office requirement for a motorcycle more suited to off-road use, as the designers managed to reduce the dry weight of the prototype by 56 pounds (25 kg) (although the later models were not so lightweight due to the additional army equipment that needed to be added). The real innovation of the G3/L was the "Teledraulic" forks, which were the first telescopic design with oil damping – an idea that was to become the standard for almost all future motorcycles. [3]

After exhaustive military testing the G3/L lost the War Office competition for a single standard 350 cc machine to Triumph's 350 cc side-valve vertical twin, the 3TW, which had a top speed of over 70 mph and weighed 240 pounds (110 kg). Triumph's Priory Street works in Coventry were completely destroyed by German bombers in November 1940 [4] All Triumph's technical records, drawings and designs were lost and Matchless won the contract. Triumph instead produced 350 cc sidevalves for the military during the war.

Production of the G3/L began in late 1941, and a series of modifications and improvements were introduced as it entered military service. From 1942 the entire output of the Matchless factory was dedicated to the G3/L. [5]

Active service

1939 G3/L Matchless 1939 G3L 1.jpg
1939 G3/L

In 1940, 110 Matchless G3/L's were ordered from England by the South African Army as the preferred machine for use by despatch riders. [6]

As well as general army transport G3/L's were widely used for delivering messages that were too important to be sent by radio or by telephone. [7]

They were also used for convoy escort, having to read maps and act as an "advance party" into occupied territory. Dispatch riders were an easy target for snipers, had to use dimmed headlights and coped with poor road conditions. In a Second World War study, Sir Hugh Cairns identified head injuries as a major cause of loss of life among dispatch riders and recommended crash helmets instead of the standard "tin helmet" or forage caps that were often worn. Sir Hugh's recommendation eventually led to compulsory crash helmets for motorcyclists – but not for another 32 years. [8]

Post war

Matchless G3LS (1955) at the National Motorcycle Museum (UK) Matchless G3LS (1955).JPG
Matchless G3LS (1955) at the National Motorcycle Museum (UK)

A war-torn infrastructure and shortages made life problematic in places like Italy, but there were a few consolations for the Italian people to help themselves get back to normality. The Germans, British and Americans had all been in and out of Italy as invaders and liberators, and they had discarded or abandoned huge amounts of military hardware including tanks, trucks and motorcycles. Some of these motorcycles, such as the Matchless G3/L, were converted from military service to civilian service by Italian riders. [9]

Post-war G3/Ls were the military version finished in black instead of green or khaki. Despite its age, the Matchless was so well proven and reliable it remained in use by the Ministry of Defence for another 15 years after the end of the war, until replaced in 1960 by the BSA W-B40. [10]

The Matchless G3/L was a popular choice for UK trials riders, and after the war there were plenty of bikes and spares to enable champions such as Artie Ratcliffe and Ted Usher to win numerous national events for Matchless. [11]

The Royal Artillery Motor Cycle Display Team gave their first performance at the St Asaph Tattoo in July 1949 and used the G3/L for displays until they were replaced with the BSA Gold Star. [12]

The end was in sight, however, as the G3 was gaining weight without any corresponding increase in power. Suspension was upgraded to a swinging arm from 1949 and an aluminium cylinder head fitted from 1951. In 1955 the engine was uprated with stronger main bearings and an "auto-advance" fitted to the rotating magnet magneto, (now front-mounted for access). Front forks were also upgraded to improve handling and in 1958 an alternator was fitted and optional chrome tank panels, steering damper, brake light system and air filter were offered. [13]

The wartime G3/L today has an enthusiastic following on the classic bike scene and can cost up to £5,000 in original condition with the correct WD equipment. [1]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Royal Enfield</span> Brand name used by a European automobile company

Royal Enfield was a brand name under which The Enfield Cycle Company Limited of Redditch, Worcestershire sold motorcycles, bicycles, lawnmowers and stationary engines which they had manufactured. Enfield Cycle Company also used the brand name "Enfield" without the "Royal".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Matchless</span> British motorcycle and automobile manufacturer

Matchless is one of the oldest marques of British motorcycles, manufactured in Plumstead, London, between 1899 and 1966. A wide range of models were produced under the Matchless name, ranging from small two-strokes to 750 cc four-stroke twins. Matchless had a long history of racing success; a Matchless ridden by Charlie Collier won the first single-cylinder race in the first Isle of Man TT in 1907.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Associated Motor Cycles</span> Former British motorcycle manufacturer

Associated Motor Cycles (AMC) was a British motorcycle manufacturer founded by the Collier brothers as a parent company for the Matchless and AJS motorcycle companies. It later absorbed Francis-Barnett, James, and Norton before incorporation into Norton-Villiers. Henry Herbert Collier founded Matchless as a cycle company in 1878. His sons Henry (Harry) and Charles (Charlie) joined him and the name was changed to H. Collier & Sons.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Edward Turner (motorcycle designer)</span>

Edward Turner was an English motorcycle designer. He was born in Camberwell in the London Borough of Southwark, on the day King Edward VII was proclaimed King. In 1915, Turner had his first ride on a motorcycle, a Light Tourist New Imperial.

FN is a Belgian company established in 1889 to make arms and ammunition, and from 1901 to 1967 was also a motorcycle manufacturer. FN manufactured one of the world's first four-cylinder motorcycles, was famous for the use of shaft drive in all models from 1903 to 1923, achieved success in sprint and long-distance motorcycle racing, and after 1945, also in motocross.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Matchless G80</span> Type of motorcycle

The Matchless G80 is a single cylinder 500 cc British motorcycle built by Associated Motorcycles (AMC) between 1946 and 1966. During the 1950s and 1960s, the main export product for AMC was the AJS/Matchless range – the road bikes were very similar, often with only the badges distinguishing one marque from the other; the equivalent AJS being the Model 18.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Despatch rider</span> Military messenger

A despatch rider is a military messenger, mounted on horse or motorcycle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ariel W/NG 350</span> Type of motorcycle

The Ariel W/NG 350 is a motorcycle based on the well-proven Ariel Red Hunter singles built by Ariel Motorcycles for the British military, and designed by the firm's chief designer Val Page in 1932 around an engine he had developed six years earlier. Although the Ariel was not initially selected by the War Department, they were in great demand after the evacuation of Dunkirk when much of the British Army's materiel had been left behind.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Norton 16H</span> Type of motorcycle

The Norton 16H is a designation given to British motorcycles made between 1911 through to 1954 with various modifications and refers to a single cylinder Norton 490cc side valve engine with a bore and stroke of 79 x 100 mm. The H denotes the Home model as distinct from the Colonial export model. Norton was the main military motorcycle supplier prior to WW2 and one of the main suppliers of motorcycles to the British Army in World War II with a total of nearly 100,000 produced. British Army Nortons were also supplied to the Commonwealth forces such as Australian, New Zealand, India and the Canadian Army.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Val Page</span> British motorcycle designer

Valentine Page (1891–1978) was a British motorcycle designer, who worked for several of the UK's leading marques, including Ariel, Triumph, and BSA. Page was an innovator whose radical designs include the Triumph 6/1, BSA Gold Star, BSA A7 and BSA M20, the J.A.Prestwich engine of the Brough Superior SS100, and the Ariel Leader.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Velocette MAC</span> Type of motorcycle

The Velocette MAC is a British motorcycle made by Velocette. A reliable single-cylinder, the MAC coped well with the low-grade post war petrol and was a popular commuter and touring motorcycle. Although they started as innovators, Velocette failed to keep pace with developing technology and production ended in 1959.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">BSA M20</span> British motorcycle

The BSA M20 is a British motorcycle formerly made by Birmingham Small Arms Company (BSA) at their factory in Small Heath, Birmingham. Although initially viewed as a near failure by the War Office in 1936, the M20 evolved into one of the longest serving motorcycles in the history of British military motorcycling, as well as becoming the most numerous type produced for World War II with 126,000 in active service. Many are still in use around the world today.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Royal Enfield WD/RE</span> Type of motorcycle

The Royal Enfield WD/RE known as the "Flying Flea" was a lightweight British motorcycle developed by Royal Enfield for the British War Office as a means of transport that could be dropped by parachute or carried in gliders, to quickly carry messages and signals between airborne and assault troops where radio communications were not in place.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">BSA C11</span> British motorcycle

The BSA C11 is a British motorcycle manufactured by Birmingham Small Arms Company (BSA) at their factory in Armoury Road, Small Heath, Birmingham, between 1939 and 1956. Actor Steve McQueen owned a 1951 BSA C11.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cheney Racing</span>

Cheney Racing is a British motorcycle manufacturer, founded by Eric Cheney, based in Petersfield, Hampshire which builds complete specialist high performance motocross motorcycles, rolling chassis or frame kits to individual customer specifications.

Colin Jordan Seeley was a British motorcycle retailer who later became a motorcycle sidecar racer, motorcycle designer, constructor and retailer of accessories. In 1992 he was involved in running the Norton Rotary race team.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">BSA motorcycles</span> Former British motorcycle marque

BSA motorcycles were made by the Birmingham Small Arms Company Limited (BSA), which was a major British industrial combine, a group of businesses manufacturing military and sporting firearms; bicycles; motorcycles; cars; buses and bodies; steel; iron castings; hand, power, and machine tools; coal cleaning and handling plants; sintered metals; and hard chrome process.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">BSA B40</span> Type of motorcycle

The BSA B40 was a series of 350 cc (21 cu in) unit construction single-cylinder OHV four-stroke motorcycles made by the Birmingham Small Arms Company. Developed from the BSA C15, the machines were produced between 1961 and 1967 for civilian use. Military versions were manufactured from 1967 to 1970. Around 14,000 machines were built in total.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "1941 Matchless G3L WD". RealClassic. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
  2. Orchard, Chris (1997). British Forces Motorcycles 1925-45. Sutton Publishing. p. 72. ISBN   978-0-7509-1445-1.
  3. "How stuff works – Matchless" . Retrieved 8 May 2008.
  4. "Triumph the Classic Years" . Retrieved 7 May 2008.
  5. Orchard, Chris (1997). British Forces Motorcycles 1925-45. Sutton Publishing. p. 73. ISBN   978-0-7509-1445-1.
  6. "The South African Military History Society" . Retrieved 8 May 2008.
  7. "Dispatch rider Harry Watts". Archived from the original on 12 February 2007. Retrieved 9 May 2008.
  8. "Sir Hugh Cairns, and the Origin of Motorcycle Helmets" . Retrieved 9 May 2008.
  9. James Adam Bolton (May–June 2009). "Ugo Cirri's unusual Matchless G3L". Motorcycle Classics. Retrieved 4 August 2009.
  10. Orchard, Chris (1997). British Forces Motorcycles 1925–45. Sutton Publishing Ltd. p. 81. ISBN   978-0-7509-1445-1.
  11. "Matchless 350cc Trials". Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2008.
  12. "Royal Artillery History" . Retrieved 8 May 2008.
  13. "1958 G3LS" . Retrieved 24 May 2008.