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The Manchurian Candidate is a 1962 American neo-noir psychological political thriller film directed and produced by John Frankenheimer. The screenplay is by George Axelrod,based on the 1959 Richard Condon novel The Manchurian Candidate. The film's leading actors are Frank Sinatra,Laurence Harvey,and Angela Lansbury,with co-stars Janet Leigh,Henry Silva,and James Gregory.
White is a racial classification of people generally used for those of mostly European ancestry. It is also a skin color specifier,although the definition can vary depending on context,nationality,ethnicity and point of view.
Racial discrimination is any discrimination against any individual on the basis of their race,ancestry,ethnicity,and/or skin color and hair texture. Individuals can discriminate by refusing to do business with,socialize with,or share resources with people of a certain group. Governments can discriminate explicitly in law,for example through policies of racial segregation,disparate enforcement of laws,or disproportionate allocation of resources. Some jurisdictions have anti-discrimination laws which prohibit the government or individuals from being discriminated based on race in various circumstances. Some institutions and laws use affirmative action to attempt to overcome or compensate for the effects of racial discrimination. In some cases,this is simply enhanced recruitment of members of underrepresented groups;in other cases,there are firm racial quotas. Opponents of strong remedies like quotas characterize them as reverse discrimination,where members of a dominant or majority group are discriminated against.
Executive Order 9981 was an executive order issued on July 26,1948,by President Harry S. Truman. It abolished discrimination "on the basis of race,color,religion or national origin" in the United States Armed Forces. The Order led to the re-integration of the services during the Korean War (1950–1953). It was a crucial event in the post-World War II civil rights movement and a major achievement of Truman's presidency. For Truman,Executive Order 9981 was inspired,in part,by an attack on Isaac Woodard who was an American soldier and African American World War II veteran. On February 12,1946,hours after being honorably discharged from the United States Army,he was attacked while still in uniform by South Carolina police as he was taking a bus home. The attack left Woodard completely and permanently blind. President Harry S. Truman ordered a federal investigation.
Racial color blindness refers to the belief that a person's race or ethnicity should not influence their legal or social treatment in society.
Discrimination based on skin tone,also known as colorism or shadeism,is a form of prejudice and discrimination in which people of certain ethnic groups,or people who are perceived as belonging to a different-skinned racial group,are treated differently based on their different skin tone.
White flight or white exodus is the sudden or gradual large-scale migration of white people from areas becoming more racially or ethnoculturally diverse. Starting in the 1950s and 1960s,the terms became popular in the United States. They referred to the large-scale migration of people of various European ancestries from racially mixed urban regions to more racially homogeneous suburban or exurban regions. The term has more recently been applied to other migrations by whites,from older,inner suburbs to rural areas,as well as from the American Northeast and Midwest to the milder climate in the Southeast and Southwest. The term 'white flight' has also been used for large-scale post-colonial emigration of whites from Africa,or parts of that continent,driven by levels of violent crime and anti-colonial or anti-white state policies.
Tape v. Hurley,66 Cal. 473,(1885) was a landmark court case in the California Supreme Court in which the Court found the exclusion of a Chinese American student from public school based on her ancestry unlawful. The case effectively ruled that minority children were entitled to attend public school in California. After the Court's decision,San Francisco Superintendent of Schools,Andrew J. Moulder,urged the California state assembly to pass new state legislation which enabled the establishment of segregated schools under the separate but equal doctrine,like the later Plessy v. Ferguson (1896). The establishment of the new school marked the continued segregation in the education system in California.
Critical race theory (CRT) is an interdisciplinary academic field focused on the relationships between social conceptions of race and ethnicity,social and political laws,and media. CRT also considers racism to be systemic in various laws and rules,and not based only on individuals' prejudices. The word critical in the name is an academic reference to critical theory rather than criticizing or blaming individuals.
Racism has been reflected in discriminatory laws,practices,and actions against "racial" or ethnic groups,throughout the history of the United States. Since the early colonial era,White Americans have generally enjoyed legally or socially sanctioned privileges and rights,which have been denied to members of various ethnic or minority groups at various times. European Americans have enjoyed advantages in matters of citizenship,criminal procedure,education,immigration,land acquisition,and voting rights.
In the United States,affirmative action consists of government-mandated,government-approved,and voluntary private programs granting special consideration to groups considered or classified as historically excluded,specifically racial minorities and women. These programs tend to focus on access to education and employment in order to redress the disadvantages associated with past and present discrimination. Another goal of affirmative action policies is to ensure that public institutions,such as universities,hospitals,and police forces,are more representative of the populations they serve.
Racial whitening,or "whitening" (branqueamento),is an ideology that was widely accepted in Brazil between 1889 and 1914,as the solution to the "Negro problem". Whitening in Brazil is a sociological term to explain the change in perception of one's race,from darker to lighter identifiers,as a person rises in the class structure of Brazil. Racial mixing in Brazilian society entailed that minority races ought to adopt the characteristics of the white race,with the goal of creating a singular Brazilian race that emulates the white race,striving to create a society best emulating that of Europe.
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Ronald E. Powaski was an American historian and teacher. He taught American history in high schools and colleges in Ohio and wrote on the 20th century foreign policies of the United States and Europe.
Dos Abend Blatt was a Yiddish-language daily newspaper published in New York City,United States. Dos Abend Blatt was launched as an outgrowth of the weekly Di Arbeter Tsaytung. Published between 1894 and 1902,it was an organ of the Socialist Labor Party of America (SLP).
Blanqueamiento in Spanish,or branqueamento in Portuguese,is a social,political,and economic practice used in many post-colonial countries in the Americas and Oceania to "improve the race" towards a supposed ideal of whiteness. The term blanqueamiento is rooted in Latin America and is used more or less synonymously with racial whitening. However,blanqueamiento can be considered in both the symbolic and biological sense. Symbolically,blanqueamiento represents an ideology that emerged from legacies of European colonialism,described by Anibal Quijano's theory of coloniality of power,which caters to white dominance in social hierarchies. Biologically,blanqueamiento is the process of whitening by marrying a lighter-skinned individual to produce lighter-skinned offspring.
Yo-Yo Boing! (1998) is a postmodern novel in English,Spanish,and Spanglish by Puerto Rican author Giannina Braschi. The cross-genre work is a structural hybrid of poetry,political philosophy,musical,manifesto,treatise,memoir,and drama. The work addresses tensions between Anglo-American and Hispanic-American cultures in the United States.
School segregation in the United States was the segregation of students based on their ethnicity. While not prohibited from having schools,various minorities were barred from most schools,schools for whites. Segregation was enforced by formal legal systems in U.S. states primarily in the Southern United States,although elsewhere segregation could be informal or customary. Segregation laws were dismantled in 1954 by the U.S. Supreme Court because of the successes being attained during the Civil Rights Movement. Segregation continued longstanding exclusionary policies in much of the Southern United States after the Civil War. Jim Crow laws codified segregation. These laws were influenced by the history of slavery and discrimination in the US. Secondary schools for African Americans in the South were called training schools instead of high schools in order to appease racist whites and focused on vocational education. School integration in the United States took place at different times in different areas and often met resistance. After the ruling of Brown v. Board of Education,which banned segregated school laws,school segregation took de facto form. School segregation declined rapidly during the late 1960s and early 1970s as the government became strict on schools' plans to combat segregation more effectively as a result of Green v. County School Board of New Kent County. Voluntary segregation by income appears to have increased since 1990. Racial segregation has either increased or stayed constant since 1990,depending on which definition of segregation is used. In general,definitions based on the amount of interaction between black and white students show increased racial segregation,while definitions based on the proportion of black and white students in different schools show racial segregation remaining approximately constant.
Race suicide was an alarmist eugenicist theory,coined by American sociologist Edward A. Ross around 1900 and promoted by folks like Harry J. Haiselden. Per the American Eugenics Archive,“race suicide”conceptualizes a hypothetical situation in which the death rate of a particular “race”supersedes its birth rate.
Empire of Dreams is a postmodern poetry epic by Puerto Rican author Giannina Braschi,who is considered "one of the most revolutionary voices in Latin American literature today".
References
- ↑ "Matthew Jacobson named the William Robertson Coe Professor", YaleNews, November 13, 2012, retrieved April 5, 2017
- ↑ "Jacobson appointed Sterling Professor of American Studies and History". YaleNews. 2021-05-10. Retrieved 2021-10-18.
- ↑ The Role of President, American Studies Association , retrieved April 5, 2017
- ↑ "Cutting Through the Noise | The Evergreen State College". www.evergreen.edu. Retrieved 2021-10-18.
- ↑ Matthew Jacobson, Yale University Department of History, retrieved April 5, 2017
- ↑ Kirsch, Jonathan (March 29, 1995), "In America, but Longing for Home: Special Sorrows: The Diasporic Imagination of Irish, Polish and Jewish Immigrants in the United States by Matthew Frye Jacobson", Book Review / Nonfiction, Los Angeles Times
- ↑ Anthes, Louis C. (April 1999), "Top-Down, Bottom-Up, and All-Around:Race, Immigration, and the Politics of Color in American History", H-Net: Humanities and Social Sciences Online
- ↑ Spickard, Paul (January 2001), "Review: Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race by Matthew Frye Jacobson", Social History, 26 (1): 114–117, JSTOR 4286741
- ↑ White, John (November 26, 1999), "Are Caucasians made or born? Whiteness of a Different Color", Times Higher Education
- ↑ Tunc, Tanfer Emin (June 2008), "Recapitulating the historiographical contributions of Matthew Frye Jacobson's Whiteness of a Different Color and Gail Bederman's Manliness and Civilization", Rethinking History, 12 (2): 281–288, doi:10.1080/13642520802002372, S2CID 145218233
- ↑ "Review of Barbarian Virtues", Kirkus Reviews , April 1, 2000
- ↑ "Barbarian Virtues: The United States Encounters Foreign Peoples at Home and Abroad, 1876-1917", Nonfiction Book Review, Publishers Weekly , April 3, 2000
- ↑ Hirschman, Charles (July 2007), "Roots Too: White Ethnic Revival in Post–Civil Rights America By Matthew Frye Jacobson" (PDF), Book Review, American Journal of Sociology, 113 (1): 274–276, doi:10.1086/520896, JSTOR 10.1086/520896
- ↑ Strub, Whitney (March 24, 2006), "Review of Roots Too", PopMatters
- ↑ Brown, Joseph F. (December 2007), "What Have They Built You To Do?: The Manchurian Candidate and Cold War America", The Journal of Popular Culture, 40 (6): 1074–1076, doi:10.1111/j.1540-5931.2007.00486_1.x
- ↑ Carruthers, Susan (September 2007), "What Have They Built You to Do? The Manchurian Candidate and Cold War America. By Matthew Frye Jacobson and Gaspar Gonzalez", Journal of American History, 94 (2): 643, doi:10.2307/25095098, JSTOR 25095098
- ↑ Faucette, Brian (November 2009), "What Have They Built You To Do?: The Manchurian Candidate and Cold War America", Journal of Popular Film and Television, 37 (3): 147, doi:10.1080/01956050903218166, S2CID 191468089
- 1 2 "Matthew Jacobson | Department of African American Studies". afamstudies.yale.edu. Retrieved 2024-03-01.
- ↑ "The Untold Story of Baseball's Desegregation Garners Prestigious GOLD Telly Award for General Documentary | Ethnicity, Race, and Migration". erm.yale.edu. Retrieved 2024-03-01.
- ↑ "A Long Way From Home - The Untold Story of Baseball's Desegregation". A Long Way From Home. Retrieved 2024-03-01.
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