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Free trade is a trade policy that does not restrict imports or exports. In government, free trade is predominantly advocated by political parties that hold economically liberal positions, while economic nationalist and left-wing political parties generally support protectionism, the opposite of free trade.
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Import substitution industrialization (ISI) is a trade and economic policy that advocates replacing foreign imports with domestic production. It is based on the premise that a country should attempt to reduce its foreign dependency through the local production of industrialized products. The term primarily refers to 20th-century development economics policies, but it has been advocated since the 18th century by economists such as Friedrich List and Alexander Hamilton.
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Jebamalai Vinanchiarachi is an India-born economist.
Raphael Malcolm Kaplinsky is an Honorary Professor at the Science Policy Research Unit and an Emeritus Professorial Fellow at the Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex. In 2024 he was awarded an Honorary Doctorate by the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. He was an active and well-known opponent to Apartheid in South Africa during the 1960s, and played a leading role in 1968 in the Mafeje affair. Kaplinsky was not allowed to return to his country of birth until Nelson Mandela was released from prison in 1990, after which he played an active role in policy development at the national and regional levels. He spent the bulk of his professional career at the University of Sussex where he led research programmes on industrial and technology policy and on Global value chain. He led and participated in a number of Advisory Missions to governments in Africa, Asia, Latin America, the Caribbean and Europe.
References
- ↑ "CV: - Shafaeddin". www.shafaeddin.com. Retrieved 2022-01-08.
- ↑ The impact of trade liberalization on export and GDP growth in least developed countries. UNCTAD Review. 1995. pp. 1–15.
- ↑ Shafaeddin, S. M. (2014). Competitiveness and development : myth and realities. London. ISBN 978-1-78308-313-8. OCLC 890938571.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ↑ Shafaeddin, S. M. (2006). Does trade openness favour or hinder industrialization and development?. Penang, Malaysia: Third World Network. ISBN 983-2729-75-0. OCLC 191659335.
- ↑ Gallagher, Kevin P.; Shafaeddin, M. (2010-05-01). "Policies for industrial learning in China and Mexico". Technology in Society. 32 (2): 81–99. doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2010.04.002. ISSN 0160-791X.
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