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The Nation of Islam (NOI) is a religious and political organization founded in the United States by Wallace Fard Muhammad in 1930. A black nationalist organization, the NOI focuses its attention on the African diaspora, especially on African Americans. While describing itself as Islamic, its religious tenets, while phrased in Islamic terminology, differ considerably from mainstream African-American Islamic traditions. Scholars of religion characterize it as a new religious movement. It operates as a centralized and hierarchical organization.
In Islam, sunnah, also spelled sunna, are the traditions and practices of the Islamic prophet Muhammad that constitute a model for Muslims to follow. The sunnah is what all the Muslims of Muhammad's time evidently saw and followed and passed on to the next generations. According to classical Islamic theories, the sunnah are documented by hadith, and alongside the Quran are the divine revelation (wahy) delivered through Muhammad that make up the primary sources of Islamic law and belief/theology. Differing from Sunni classical Islamic theories are those of Shia Muslims, who hold that Imams interpret the sunnah, and Sufi who hold that Muhammad transmitted the values of sunnah "through a series of Sufi teachers".
In Islam, a houri, is a woman with beautiful eyes who is described as a reward for the faithful Muslim men in paradise. The term is used four times in the Quran, where the houris are mentioned indirectly several other times,, and hadith provide a "great deal of later elaboration". Houris have been said to have "captured the imagination of Muslims and non-Muslims alike". Muslim scholars differ as to whether they refer to the believing women of this world or a separate creation, with the majority opting for the latter.
The qibla is the direction towards the Kaaba in the Sacred Mosque in Mecca, which is used by Muslims in various religious contexts, particularly the direction of prayer for the salah. In Islam, the Kaaba is believed to be a sacred site built by prophets Ibrahim and Ismail, and that its use as the qibla was ordained by Allah in several verses of the Quran revealed to Muhammad in the second Hijri year. Prior to this revelation, Muhammad and his followers in Medina faced Jerusalem for prayers. Most mosques contain a mihrab that indicates the direction of the qibla.
The Varlık Vergisi was a tax mostly levied on non-Muslim citizens in Turkey in 1942, with the stated aim of raising funds for the country's defense in case of an eventual entry into World War II. The underlying reason for the tax was to inflict financial ruin on the minority non-Muslim citizens of the country, end their prominence in the country's economy and transfer the assets of non-Muslims to the Muslim bourgeoisie. It was a discriminatory measure which taxed non-Muslims up to ten times more heavily and resulted in a significant amount of wealth and property being transferred to Muslims.
The Eyalet of Anatolia was one of the two core provinces in the early years of the Ottoman Empire. It was established in 1393. Its capital was first Ankara in central Anatolia, but then moved to Kütahya in western Anatolia. Its reported area in the 19th century was 65,804 square miles (170,430 km2).
The Germiyanids was a prominent Anatolian beylik established by the Oghuz Turkish tribes after the decline of Sultanate of Rûm. However, while the beylik was always mentioned as Turkoman or Oghuz Turkish, the population consisted of Turks and Yezidi Kurds, brought by the Seljuks from the east of Malatya to western Anatolia as militia guards against the threatening Turkish tribesmen.
Garip was a group of Turkish poets. The group was also known as the First New Movement. It was composed of Orhan Veli, Oktay Rifat and Melih Cevdet, who had been friends since high school. The name "Garip" signalled a break with the conventional, decadent style of Turkish poetry and literature at the time. The group made their mark with a 1941 joint poetry manifesto entitled Garip. After Veli's death in 1950, the two remaining friends developed their own individual styles and began to write novels and theater pieces as well. Rifat and Cevdet participated in the Second New Movement in following years.
Chiyah is situated in the west region of the Lebanese capital of Beirut and is part of Greater Beirut.
Prophets in Islam are individuals in Islam who are believed to spread God's message on Earth and serve as models of ideal human behaviour. Some prophets are categorized as messengers, those who transmit divine revelation, most of them through the interaction of an angel. Muslims believe that many prophets existed, including many not mentioned in the Quran. The Quran states: "And for every community there is a messenger." Belief in the Islamic prophets is one of the six articles of the Islamic faith.
Yakub II, also known as Yakub Chelebi, was Bey of Germiyan in western Anatolia from 1387 until his death. Yakub was the son of Suleiman Shah and a daughter of Umur, the ruler of the Aydinids in western Anatolia. Yakub initially supported the Ottoman Sultan Murad I at the Battle of Kosovo, during which Murad was killed, but turned against Murad's successor Bayezid I. Yakub attempted to reclaim considerable territory formerly part of Germiyan, including the capital Kütahya, which Suleiman Shah had granted the Ottomans as part of the dowry for his daughter, Devlet Hatun, and Bayezid's marriage. Yakub was subsequently jailed by Bayezid in the castle of Ipsala in 1390, when Germiyan wholly came under Ottoman control. 9 years later, Yakub managed to escape from prison and sought the protection of Timur, who after crushing Bayezid with the help of Yakub at the Battle of Ankara in 1402, restored Germiyan's former boundaries. During the Ottoman Interregnum (1402–1413), Yakub allied himself with Mehmed Chelebi against his brothers, as a result of which Germiyan–Karaman relations worsened and Kütahya fell to Mehmed II of Karaman in 1411, interrupting Yakub's reign a second time. In 1414, Mehmed Chelebi reinstated Yakub as the ruler and defeated the Karamanids. Although Yakub initially supported Mustafa Chelebi against Mehmed's son and successor Murad II as the claimant to the Ottoman throne, Mustafa was ultimately defeated, which forced Yakub to have amicable relations with Murad II. Yakub did not have any male heirs and left the rule to Murad II in his will shortly before he died in 1429.
Wadi al-Taym, also transliterated as Wadi el-Taym, is a wadi that forms a large fertile valley in Lebanon, in the districts of Rachaya and Hasbaya on the western slopes of Mount Hermon. It adjoins the Beqaa Valley running north to south towards the Jordan Valley where it meets the northwest corner of Lake Huleh. Watered by the Hasbani river, the low hills of Wadi al-Taym are covered with rows of silver-green olive trees with the population in the area being predominantly Druze and Sunni, with a high number of Christians, mostly Greek Orthodox. Wadi al-Taym is generally considered the "birthplace of the Druze faith".
Yakub I was the founder of the beylik of Germiyan, located in western Anatolia around Kütahya. During the thirteenth century, members of Germiyan family fought for the Sultan of Rum against the forces of Baba Ishak in 1239 and Jimri in 1277. Yakub was the son of Karim al-Din Ali Shir. Although he initially accepted vassalage under Sultan Kayqubad III, the Sultanate of Rum disintegrated shortly after. Yakub was the suzerain of many of his neighbors, and his reign was described as economically prosperous. He was succeeded by his son Mehmed, nicknamed Chakhshadan.
Suleiman Shah, also known as Shah Chelebi, was Bey of Germiyan in western Anatolia from 1361 until his death. His reign was initially peaceful, but he was eventually involved in a conflict with the Karamanids, which forced him to seek an alliance with the Ottoman state. He arranged the marriage of his daughter Devletşah Hatun and Murad I's son and future successor, Bayezid. Although he secured an alliance with the Ottomans, Germiyan lost considerable land as Suleiman left numerous towns and smaller settlements for them to seize, including the capital Kütahya, as part of the dowry payment. Suleiman relocated to Kula and died there in 1387.
Samarra is a city in central Iraq, which served as the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate from 836 to 892. Founded by the caliph al-Mu'tasim, Samarra was briefly a major metropolis that stretched dozens of kilometers along the east bank of the Tigris, but was largely abandoned in the latter half of the 9th century, especially following the return of the caliphs to Baghdad.
On 23 November 2018, at least 33 people were killed and 56 others were injured in a suicide bombing in Kalaya, Orakzai District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
National economy is the economic plan, essentially kleptocratic, envisioned by Ziya Gökalp and carried out by successive Ottoman and Turkish governments, which involved the systematic dispossession of native Christian upper-classes and their replacement by Muslim Turks, in addition to large-scale confiscation and redistribution of Christian-owned property. Türk Yurdu announced 1915 as the starting year of the national economy. To Emil Ludwig, Talaat Pasha mentioned that the loss of the Armenian workforce would damage the economy for a short while, but that Turks would step in their positions and replace the Armenians soon.
Özgür Varlık is a Turkish sport shooter competing in the 25 meter rapid fire pistol events. Verlik obtained a quota for participation at the 2020 Summer Olympics after the 2019 European Games held in Minsk, Belarus.
References
- ↑ Varlık 1996, pp. 33–35.
