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The Nair, also known as Nayar, are a group of Indian Hindu castes, described by anthropologist Kathleen Gough as "not a unitary group but a named category of castes". The Nair include several castes and many subdivisions, not all of whom historically bore the name 'Nair'. These people lived, and continue to live, in the area which is now the Indian state of Kerala. Their internal caste behaviours and systems are markedly different between the people in the northern and southern sections of the area, although there is not very much reliable information on those inhabiting the north.
Mannathu Padmanabhan was an Indian social reformer and freedom fighter from the south-western state of Kerala. He is recognised as the founder of the Nair Service Society (NSS), which represents the Nair community that constitutes 15.5% of the population of the state. Padmanabhan is considered as a visionary reformer who organised the Nair community under the NSS.
Oyyarathu Chandu Menon (1847–1899) was a Malayalam language novelist. He is the author of Indulekha, the first major novel in Malayalam published in 1889.
The Nair Service Society (NSS) is an organisation created for the social advancement and welfare of the Nair community that is found primarily in the state of Kerala in Southern part of India. It was established under the leadership of Mannathu Padmanabha Pillai. The NSS is a three-tier organisation with Karayogams at the base level, Taluk Unions at the intermediate level and a central headquarters operating from Perunna, Changanassery in Kerala. G. Sukumaran Nair is the present General Secretary.
The Thampis and Kochammas are the sons and daughters of the maharajahs of Travancore and their consorts belonging to Nair caste
The caste system in Kerala differed from that found in the rest of India. While the Indian caste system generally modelled the four-fold division of society into Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras, in Kerala, the Malayali Brahmins, forms the priestly class while Kshatriyas, Samantha Kshatriya and Nairs formed the military elite and ruling class other than these all other are considered as Shudra. The woman from the military elite and ruling class like Nair, Samantha Kshatriya, Kshatriya and Ambalavasis communities marry men from their own community or the men from Nambudiri Brahmin community through marriage ritual called Sambandam who are above them but never marry anyone below them. All these are matrilineal communities. Thus, the Kerala caste system was ritualized but it was not the varna model found elsewhere. In Southern India, only in Kerala did there appear warrior lineages approximate to the Kshatriya model.
Sambandham was an informal mode of marriage followed by Nairs, Samantha Kshatriyas, Kshatriyas and Ambalavasis among their own communities as well as with the Nambudiris, in what is the present day state of Kerala, India. All of these were matrilineal communities.
Samantan Nair or more commonly Samantan, Samantan was a generic term applied to dignify a collection of sub-clans among the ruling elite and feudal estate owners of Kerala belonging to the Nair community.
Nambiār, also known as Nambiyār, is a sub-group of the Indian Nair caste, some of whom consider themselves both a landlord and a priestly caste. Many were Naduvazhi landlords in the Malabar region.
The Ezhavas are a community with origins in the region of India presently known as Kerala, where in the 2010s they constituted about 23% of the population and were reported to be the largest Hindu community. They are also known as Ilhava, Irava, Izhava and Erava in the south of the region; as Chovas, Chokons and Chogons in Central Travancore; and as Thiyyar, Tiyyas and Theeyas in the Malabar region. Some are also known as Thandan, which has caused administrative difficulties due to the presence of a distinct caste of Thandan in the same region. The Malabar Ezhava group have claimed a higher ranking in the Hindu caste system than do the others, although from the perspective of the colonial and subsequent administrations they were treated as being of similar rank.
Diwan Bahadur Sir Perungavur Rajagopalachari, KCSI, CIE, also spelt in contemporary records as Sir P. Rajagopala Achariyar, was an Indian administrator. He was the Diwan of Cochin State from December 1896 to August 1901 and of Travancore from 1906 to 1914.
The Channar Lahala or Channar revolt, also called Maru Marakkal Samaram, refers to the fight from 1813 to 1859 of Nadar climber women in Travancore kingdom of India for the right to wear upper-body clothes to cover their breasts.
Taravath Madhavan Nair was an Indian politician and political activist of the Dravidian Movement from the Madras Presidency. He founded the Justice Party along with Theagaraya Chetty and C. Natesa Mudaliar.
Khan Bahadur Sir Muhammad Habibullah KCSI KCIE was an Indian politician and administrator who served as the Dewan of Travancore from 1934 to 1936.
There are numerous ceremonies and customs adopted by the Nair caste, who are prominent in the South Indian state of Kerala.
Kiryathil Nair or Kiriyathil Nair is a subcaste of the Nair community, who have traditionally lived in the regions of Malabar and Cochin in present-day Kerala, India.
Kerala Law Academy (KLA), also referred to as the Kerala Law Academy Law College, is a private law college in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India. Founded in 1967, it is the first, and was for many years the only, private law institution in the state. It is accredited by the Bar Council of India. and affiliated to the University of Kerala.
The Vilakkithala Nair--Vilakkithalavan are a caste found in Kerala state, India. Vilakkathalavan is a Tamil word. Vilakkam means description/explanation. Thalavan means leader. It is a Tamil caste that migrated to Kerala.
Legislative elections were held in East Bengal between 8 and 12 March 1954, the first since Pakistan became an independent country in 1947. The opposition United Front led by the Awami League and Krishak Sramik Party won a landslide victory with 223 of the 309 seats. The Muslim League Chief Minister of East Pakistan Nurul Amin was defeated in his own constituency by Khaleque Nawaz Khan by over 7,000 votes, with all the Muslim League ministers losing their seats.
The "breast tax" was a head tax imposed on the Nadars, Ezhavars and other lower caste communities by the Kingdom of Tranvancore. According to local beliefs the breast tax was imposed on lower class women if they covered their breasts. This belief has been questioned, as lower class women "were not allowed to wear upper garments in public" at all until 1859.
References
- ↑ Bluxbaum (1968), Family law and customary law in Asia: a contemporary legal perspective
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