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An electronic calculator is typically a portable electronic device used to perform calculations, ranging from basic arithmetic to complex mathematics.
A slide rule is a hand-operated mechanical calculator consisting of slidable rulers for evaluating mathematical operations such as multiplication, division, exponents, roots, logarithms, and trigonometry. It is one of the simplest analog computers.
Napier's bones is a manually-operated calculating device created by John Napier of Merchiston, Scotland for the calculation of products and quotients of numbers. The method was based on lattice multiplication, and also called rabdology, a word invented by Napier. Napier published his version in 1617. It was printed in Edinburgh and dedicated to his patron Alexander Seton.
Significant figures, also referred to as significant digits or sig figs, are specific digits within a number written in positional notation that carry both reliability and necessity in conveying a particular quantity. When presenting the outcome of a measurement, if the number of digits exceeds what the measurement instrument can resolve, only the number of digits within the resolution's capability are dependable and therefore considered significant.
A mechanical calculator, or calculating machine, is a mechanical device used to perform the basic operations of arithmetic automatically, or (historically) a simulation such as an analog computer or a slide rule. Most mechanical calculators were comparable in size to small desktop computers and have been rendered obsolete by the advent of the electronic calculator and the digital computer.
A mental calculator or human calculator is a person with a prodigious ability in some area of mental calculation.
A check digit is a form of redundancy check used for error detection on identification numbers, such as bank account numbers, which are used in an application where they will at least sometimes be input manually. It is analogous to a binary parity bit used to check for errors in computer-generated data. It consists of one or more digits computed by an algorithm from the other digits in the sequence input.
Mental calculation consists of arithmetical calculations using only the human brain, with no help from any supplies or devices such as a calculator. People may use mental calculation when computing tools are not available, when it is faster than other means of calculation, or even in a competitive context. Mental calculation often involves the use of specific techniques devised for specific types of problems. People with unusually high ability to perform mental calculations are called mental calculators or lightning calculators.
The soroban is an abacus developed in Japan. It is derived from the ancient Chinese suanpan, imported to Japan in the 14th century. Like the suanpan, the soroban is still used today, despite the proliferation of practical and affordable pocket electronic calculators.
Johann Martin Zacharias Dase was a German mental calculator.
The stepped reckoner or Leibniz calculator was a mechanical calculator invented by the German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz around 1672 and completed in 1694. The name comes from the translation of the German term for its operating mechanism, Staffelwalze, meaning "stepped drum". It was the first calculator that could perform all four basic arithmetic operations.
Salo Finkelstein was a mental calculator. He was born in Łódź to a Jewish family.
Alexis Lemaire is a mental calculation world record holder. He holds a Ph.D. in Computer Science related to artificial intelligence from the University of Reims. He is also the owner of world records for mentally calculating the 13th root of 100-digit numbers and 200-digit numbers.
Jan van Koningsveld is a mental calculator.
Alberto Coto García is a Spanish mental calculator. He was the world champion in mental calculation from 2008 to 2010.
Willis Nelson Dysart was an American mental calculator. His talent for arithmetic emerged at the age of three after his mother taught him to count. He quit school in the third grade and pursued a career as a lightning calculator.
Scott Flansburg is an American dubbed "The Human Calculator" and listed in the Guinness Book of World Records for speed of mental calculation. He is the annual host and ambassador for The National Counting Bee, a math educator, and media personality. He has published the books Math Magic and Math Magic for Your Kids.
Dr Amit Garg is an Indian mathematician and mental calculator He currently works as founder and CEO at ORMAE, a firm registered in USA, UAE & India which engages in building innovative products, consulting and training in Operations Research and Data Science.
The Brain is a Chinese scientific reality and talent show originating in Germany. The show's aim is to find people with exceptional brainpower. This show is produced under Endemol and has been sold to multiple countries in Europe, China, Russia and United States to date.
Lee Jeonghee is a South Korean abacus master. She is the only known soroban abacus master to have reached the eleventh dan. She is also known as Abacus Master (주산왕) in South Korea.
References
- ↑ "Mental Calculation World Cup Web Site". Archived from the original on 2021-02-11. Retrieved 2006-04-07.
- ↑ "The Supercalculators". BBC Radio 4. 22 October 2018. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
- ↑ McClure, Max (August 4, 2011). "Stanford researcher explores whether language is the only way to represent numbers". phys.org. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
- ↑ Bellos, Alex (June 11, 2010). "The World Championship of Math". The Daily Beast . Retrieved 2 May 2023.
updated July 14, 2017
- ↑ Bellos, Alex (April 4, 2014). "Why we all love numbers". The Guardian . Retrieved 3 May 2023.
- ↑ Bellos, Alex (10 October 2012). "Japanese abacus teacher wins Mental Calculation World Cup". The Guardian . Retrieved 3 May 2023.
- ↑ Robertson, John (March 8, 2013). "Meet the man they call the 'human calculator'". CBC News . Retrieved 3 May 2023.
- ↑ Chao, Mary (August 19, 2021). "Zero to 27,254 in 10 seconds: Meet the world abacus champion from North Jersey". NorthJersey.com . Retrieved 3 May 2023.
- ↑ Bellos, Alex. "How to be a supercalculator". BBC Radio 4. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
- ↑ "Mental Calculation World Cup 2020 / 202x". Archived from the original on 2020-08-04. Retrieved 2020-12-02.