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A membrane transport protein is a membrane protein involved in the movement of ions, small molecules, and macromolecules, such as another protein, across a biological membrane. Transport proteins are integral transmembrane protein; that is they exist permanently within and span the membrane across which they transport substances. The proteins may assist in the movement of substances by facilitated diffusion or active transport. The two main types of proteins involved in such transport are broadly categorized as either channels or carriers. The solute carriers and atypical SLCs are secondary active or facilitative transporters in humans. Collectively membrane transporters and channels are transportome. Transportomes govern cellular influx and efflux of not only ions and nutrients but drugs as well.
Battenin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CLN3 gene located on chromosome 16. Battenin is not clustered into any Pfam clan, but it is included in the TCDB suggesting that it is a transporter. In humans, it belongs to the atypical SLCs due to its structural and phylogenetic similarity to other SLC transporters.
The solute carrier (SLC) group of membrane transport proteins include over 400 members organized into 66 families. Most members of the SLC group are located in the cell membrane. The SLC gene nomenclature system was originally proposed by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) and is the basis for the official HGNC names of the genes that encode these transporters. A more general transmembrane transporter classification can be found in TCDB database.
The major facilitator superfamily (MFS) is a superfamily of membrane transport proteins that facilitate movement of small solutes across cell membranes in response to chemiosmotic gradients.
Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC2A9 gene.
Major facilitator superfamily domain-containing protein 2 -- also known as sodium-dependent lysophosphatidylcholine symporter 1 -- is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MFSD2A gene. MFSD2A is a membrane transport protein that is expressed in the endothelium of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and has an essential role in BBB formation and function. Genetic ablation of MFSD2A results in leaky BBB and increases central nervous system endothelial cell vesicular transcytosis without otherwise affecting tight junctions. MFSD2A is an atypical SLC, thus a predicted SLC transporter. It clusters phylogenetically to AMTF8.
Major facilitator superfamily domain containing 8 also called MFSD8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MFSD8 gene. MFSD8 is an atypical SLC, thus a predicted SLC transporter. It clusters phylogenetically to the Atypical MFS Transporter family 2 (AMTF2).
Putative sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 10, also known as solute carrier family 38 member 10, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC38A10 gene.
Unc-93 homolog A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UNC93A gene.
Major facilitator superfamily domain containing 7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MFSD7 gene.
The amino acid-polyamine-organocation (APC) superfamily is the second largest superfamily of secondary carrier proteins currently known, and it contains several Solute carriers. Originally, the APC superfamily consisted of subfamilies under the transporter classification number. This superfamily has since been expanded to include eighteen different families.
The sulfate permease (SulP) family is a member of the large APC superfamily of secondary carriers. The SulP family is a large and ubiquitous family of proteins derived from archaea, bacteria, fungi, plants and animals. Many organisms including Bacillus subtilis, Synechocystis sp, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Arabidopsis thaliana and Caenorhabditis elegans possess multiple SulP family paralogues. Many of these proteins are functionally characterized, and most are inorganic anion uptake transporters or anion:anion exchange transporters. Some transport their substrate(s) with high affinities, while others transport it or them with relatively low affinities. Others may catalyze SO2−
4:HCO−
3 exchange, or more generally, anion:anion antiport. For example, the mouse homologue, SLC26A6, can transport sulfate, formate, oxalate, chloride and bicarbonate, exchanging any one of these anions for another. A cyanobacterial homologue can transport nitrate. Some members can function as channels. SLC26A3 and SLC26A6 can function as carriers or channels, depending on the transported anion. In these porters, mutating a glutamate, also involved in transport in the CIC family, created a channel out of the carrier. It also changed the stoichiometry from 2Cl−/HCO−
3 to 1Cl−/HCO−
3.
Major facilitator superfamily domain containing 14A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MFSD14A gene. MFSD14A is an atypical solute carrier of MFS type. HGNC:23363
Major facilitator superfamily domain containing 1 is a protein belonging to the MFS Pfam clan. It is an Atypical solute carrier.
Major facilitator superfamily domain containing 3 (MFSD3) is a protein belonging to the MFS Pfam clan. It is an Atypical solute carrier located to the neuronal plasma membrane.
Major facilitator superfamily domain containing 11 (MFSD11) is an atypical Solute carrier found in plasma membranes.
Major facilitator superfamily domain containing 14B is an atypical solute carrier of MFS type. It locates to intracellular membranes.
Atypical SLCs are novel plausible secondary active or facilitative transporter proteins that share ancestral background with the known solute carriers. However, they have not been assigned a name according to the SLC root system, or been classified into any of the existing SLC families.
Major facilitator superfamily domain-containing protein 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MFSD9 gene. It is a potential solute carrier, and called atypical solute carrier since it is not named according to the SLC nomenclature. It is expressed both in central and peripheral organs.
Major facilitator superfamily domain containing 4A is a protein belonging to the MFS Pfam clan. It is an Atypical solute carrier, thus a plausible SLC transporter in humans. MFSD4A has been identified in both central and peripheral areas.
References
- ↑ Perland, Emelie; Lekholm, Emilia; Eriksson, Mikaela M.; Bagchi, Sonchita; Arapi, Vasiliki; Fredriksson, Robert (2016). "The Putative SLC Transporters Mfsd5 and Mfsd11 Are Abundantly Expressed in the Mouse Brain and Have a Potential Role in Energy Homeostasis". PLOS ONE. 11 (6): e0156912. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0156912. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4896477 . PMID 27272503.
- ↑ Perland, Emelie; Fredriksson, Robert (March 2017). "Classification Systems of Secondary Active Transporters". Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 38 (3): 305–315. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2016.11.008. ISSN 1873-3735. PMID 27939446.
- ↑ Tejada-Jiménez, Manuel; Galván, Aurora; Fernández, Emilio (2011-04-19). "Algae and humans share a molybdate transporter". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (16): 6420–6425. doi:10.1073/pnas.1100700108. ISSN 1091-6490. PMC 3080982 . PMID 21464289.
- ↑ Huang, X.; Dai, F. F.; Gaisano, G.; Giglou, K.; Han, J.; Zhang, M.; Kittanakom, S.; Wong, V.; Wei, L. (September 2013). "The identification of novel proteins that interact with the GLP-1 receptor and restrain its activity". Molecular Endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.). 27 (9): 1550–1563. doi:10.1210/me.2013-1047. ISSN 1944-9917. PMC 5415235 . PMID 23864651.
- ↑ Perland, Emelie; Bagchi, Sonchita; Klaesson, Axel; Fredriksson, Robert (2017-09-01). "Characteristics of 29 novel atypical solute carriers of major facilitator superfamily type: evolutionary conservation, predicted structure and neuronal co-expression". Open Biology. 7 (9): 170142. doi:10.1098/rsob.170142. ISSN 2046-2441. PMC 5627054 . PMID 28878041.
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