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Cotton Mather was a Puritan clergyman and author in colonial New England,who wrote extensively on theological,historical,and scientific subjects. After being educated at Harvard College,he joined his father Increase as minister of the Congregationalist Old North Meeting House in Boston,Massachusetts,where he preached for the rest of his life. He has been referred to as the "first American Evangelical".
Solomon Stoddard was the pastor of the Congregationalist Church in Northampton,Massachusetts Bay Colony. He succeeded Rev. Eleazer Mather,and later married his widow around 1670. Stoddard significantly liberalized church policy while promoting more power for the clergy,decrying drinking and extravagance,and urging the preaching of hellfire and the Judgment. The major religious leader of what was then the frontier,he was known as the "Puritan Pope of the Connecticut River valley" and was concerned with the lives of second-generation Puritans. The well-known theologian Jonathan Edwards (1703–1758) was his grandson,the son of Solomon's daughter,Esther Stoddard Edwards. Stoddard was the first librarian at Harvard University and the first person in American history known by that title
Increase Mather was a New England Puritan clergyman in the Massachusetts Bay Colony and president of Harvard College for twenty years (1681–1701). He was influential in the administration of the colony during a time that coincided with the notorious Salem witch trials.
John Eliot was a Puritan missionary to the American Indians who some called "the apostle to the Indians" and the founder of Roxbury Latin School in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1645. In 1660 he completed the enormous task of translating the Eliot Indian Bible into the Massachusett Indian language,producing more than two thousand completed copies.
King Philip's War was an armed conflict in 1675–1676 between a group of indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands and the English New England Colonies and their indigenous allies. The war is named for Metacomet,the Pokanoket chief and sachem of the Wampanoag who adopted the English name Philip because of the friendly relations between his father Massasoit and the Plymouth Colony. The war continued in the most northern reaches of New England until the signing of the Treaty of Casco Bay on April 12,1678.
Mary Rowlandson,née White,later Mary Talcott,was a colonial American woman who was captured by Native Americans in 1676 during King Philip's War and held for 11 weeks before being ransomed. In 1682,six years after her ordeal,The Sovereignty and Goodness of God:Being a Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson was published. This text is considered a formative American work in the literary genre of captivity narratives. It went through four printings in 1682 and garnered readership both in the New England colonies and in England,leading some to consider it the first American "bestseller".
John Leverett was an English colonial magistrate,merchant,soldier and the penultimate governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Born in England,he migrated to Massachusetts as a teenager. He was a leading merchant in the colony,and served in its military. In the 1640s he went back to England to fight in the English Civil War.
Joseph Dudley was a colonial administrator,a native of Roxbury in Massachusetts Bay Colony,and the son of one of its founders. He had a leading role in the administration of the Dominion of New England (1686–1689),which was overthrown in the 1689 Boston revolt. He served briefly on the council of the Province of New York,from which he oversaw the trial which convicted Jacob Leisler,the ringleader of Leisler's Rebellion. He then spent eight years in England in the 1690s as Lieutenant-Governor of the Isle of Wight,including one year as a Member of Parliament for Newtown. In 1702,he returned to New England after being appointed governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay and Province of New Hampshire,posts that he held until 1715.
The Dominion of New England in America (1686–1689) was an administrative union of English colonies covering all of New England and the Mid-Atlantic Colonies,with the exception of the Delaware Colony and the Province of Pennsylvania. The region's political structure was one of centralized control similar to the model used by the Spanish monarchy under the Viceroyalty of New Spain. The dominion was unacceptable to most colonists because they deeply resented being stripped of their rights and having their colonial charters revoked. Governor Edmund Andros tried to make legal and structural changes,but most of these were undone and the Dominion was overthrown as soon as word was received that King James II had left the throne in England. One notable change was the forced introduction of the Church of England into Massachusetts,whose Puritan leaders had previously refused to allow it any sort of foothold.
Michael Wigglesworth (1631–1705) was a Puritan minister,physician,and poet whose poem The Day of Doom was a bestseller in early New England.
Simon Bradstreet was an New England merchant,politician and colonial administrator who served as the last governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Arriving in Massachusetts on the Winthrop Fleet in 1630,Bradstreet was almost constantly involved in the politics of the colony but became its governor only in 1679.
Richard Mather was a New England Puritan minister in colonial Boston. He was father to Increase Mather and grandfather to Cotton Mather,both celebrated Boston theologians.
Sir William Phips was born in Maine in the Massachusetts Bay Colony and was of humble origin,uneducated,and fatherless from a young age but rapidly advanced from shepherd boy to shipwright,ship's captain,and treasure hunter,the first New England native to be knighted,and the first royally appointed governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay. Phips was famous in his lifetime for recovering a large treasure from a sunken Spanish galleon but is perhaps best remembered today for establishing the court associated with the infamous Salem Witch Trials,which he grew unhappy with and was forced to prematurely disband after five months.
Mather or Mathers is a Scottish surname,first documented in Kincardineshire,Scotland. and may refer to:
The Great Swamp Massacre or the Great Swamp Fight was a crucial battle fought during King Philip's War between the colonial militia of New England and the Narragansett people in December 1675. It was fought near the villages of Kingston and West Kingston in the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. The combined force of the New England militia included 150 Pequots,and they inflicted a huge number of Narragansett casualties,including many hundred women and children. The battle has been described as "one of the most brutal and lopsided military encounters in all of New England's history." Since the 1930s,Narragansett and Wampanoag people commemorate the battle annually in a ceremony initiated by Narragansett-Wampanoag scholar Princess Red Wing.
Thomas Brattle was an American merchant who served as treasurer of Harvard College and member of the Royal Society. He is known for his involvement in the Salem Witch Trials and the formation of the Brattle Street Church.
The 1689 Boston revolt was a popular uprising on April 18,1689 against the rule of Sir Edmund Andros,the governor of the Dominion of New England. A well-organized "mob" of provincial militia and citizens formed in the town of Boston,the capital of the dominion,and arrested dominion officials. Members of the Church of England were also taken into custody if they were believed to sympathize with the administration of the dominion. Neither faction sustained casualties during the revolt. Leaders of the former Massachusetts Bay Colony then reclaimed control of the government. In other colonies,members of governments displaced by the dominion were returned to power.
Edward Randolph was an English colonial administrator,best known for his role in effecting significant changes in the structure of England's North American colonies in the later years of the 17th century.
John Foster was an early American engraver and printer who lived in Boston in the Massachusetts Bay Colony when the colony was still in its infancy. He is credited with producing the first printed image in British colonial America,from a woodcut engraving of the Puritan minister Richard Mather. He also printed the first map to appear in the colonies. Foster graduated from Harvard University,but was a self-taught pioneer in American printmaking in woodcut,and also learned the art of typography from the Boston printer Marmaduke Johnson. He subsequently printed many works by prominent religious figures of the day in Massachusetts,and for a few years printed and published an annual almanac. His woodcut engravings were also used for the printing of official seals of the Massachusetts Bay Colony used by the provincial government.
Increase is a male given name. It is the English language literal translation of the name Joseph,which originates from Hebrew.
References
- ↑ "Michael G. Hall".
- 1 2 3 "A Guide to the Michael G. Hall Papers, 1959-2010".
- ↑ "Members - American Antiquarian Society".
- ↑ Leach, Douglas Edward (1961). "Edward Randolph and the American Colonies, 1676–1703. By Michael Garibaldi Hall. (Chapel Hill: Published for the Institute of Early American History and Culture at Williamsburg, Virginia, by the University of North Carolina Press. 1960. Pp. xi, 241. $5.00,)". American Political Science Review. 55 (2): 411. doi:10.1017/S0003055400123731. S2CID 148353093.
- ↑ Tolles, Frederick B. (1961). "Book Review: Edward Randolph and the American Colonies, 1676-1703, by Michael Garibaldi Hall". Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography: 335–336.
- ↑ "Edward Randolph and the American Colonies, 1676–1703. By Michael Garibaldi Hall. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, for the Institute of Early American History and Culture, 1960. xiv + 241 pp. Notes, bibliographical essay, and index. $5.00.)".
- ↑ Roe, Clara G. (March 1962). "Edward Randolph and the American Colonies, 1676-1703. Michael Garibaldi Hall". The Journal of Modern History. 34 (1): 89–90. doi:10.1086/239009.
- ↑ "THE LAST AMERICAN PURITAN: The Life of Increase Mather".
- ↑ Ronald S. Bosco (1989). "Reviewed Work: The Last American Puritan: The Life of Increase Mather, 1639-1723 by Michael G. Hall". Early American Literature. 24 (3): 257–259. JSTOR 25056783.
- ↑ Stessel, Edward (Winter 1989). "The Last American Puritan: The Life of Increase Mather, 1639-1723 by Michael G. Hall" . Book Reviews. Historical Journal of Massachusetts. 17 (1): 85 – via ProQuest.
- ↑ W. Clark Gilpin (April 1990). "Reviewed Work: The Last American Puritan: The Life of Increase Mather, 1639-1723 by Michael G. Hall". The Journal of Religion. 70 (2): 256–257. doi:10.1086/488355. JSTOR 1203899.
- ↑ "The Autobiography of Increase Mather" (PDF).
- ↑ "Utmärkelser: Conference on Christianity and Literature Book-of-the-Year Award".