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The problem of universals is an ancient question from metaphysics that has inspired a range of philosophical topics and disputes: "Should the properties an object has in common with other objects, such as color and shape, be considered to exist beyond those objects? And if a property exists separately from objects, what is the nature of that existence?"
In metaphysics, a universal is what particular things have in common, namely characteristics or qualities. In other words, universals are repeatable or recurrent entities that can be instantiated or exemplified by many particular things. For example, suppose there are two chairs in a room, each of which is green. These two chairs share the quality of "chairness", as well as greenness or the quality of being green; in other words, they share two "universals". There are three major kinds of qualities or characteristics: types or kinds, properties, and relations. These are all different types of universals.
Aristotelianism is a philosophical tradition inspired by the work of Aristotle, usually characterized by deductive logic and an analytic inductive method in the study of natural philosophy and metaphysics. It covers the treatment of the social sciences under a system of natural law. It answers why-questions by a scheme of four causes, including purpose or teleology, and emphasizes virtue ethics. Aristotle and his school wrote tractates on physics, biology, metaphysics, logic, ethics, aesthetics, poetry, theatre, music, rhetoric, psychology, linguistics, economics, politics, and government. Any school of thought that takes one of Aristotle's distinctive positions as its starting point can be considered "Aristotelian" in the widest sense. This means that different Aristotelian theories may not have much in common as far as their actual content is concerned besides their shared reference to Aristotle.
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References
- ↑ "Michael Loux // Department of Philosophy // University of Notre Dame". Department of Philosophy.
- ↑ Effingham, Nikk (17 March 2016). "Review of The Problem of Universals in Contemporary Philosophy". NDPR. ISSN 1538-1617.
- ↑ Plourde, Jimmy (13 April 2010). "Metaphysics: A Contemporary IntroductionMichael J. Loux Collection "Routledge Contemporary Introductions to Philosophy" Londres et New York, Routledge, 2002, 320 p." Dialogue. 43 (4): 811–815. doi:10.1017/S0012217300004108. ISSN 1759-0949. S2CID 170701796.
- ↑ Plourde, Jimmy (2004). "Metaphysics: A Contemporary Introduction Michael J. Loux Collection "Routledge Contemporary Introductions to Philosophy" Londres Et New York, Routledge, 2002, 320 P". Dialogue. 43 (4): 811–. doi:10.1017/s0012217300004108. S2CID 170701796.
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