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Old Norse, Old Nordic, or Old Scandinavian is a stage of development of North Germanic dialects before their final divergence into separate Nordic languages. Old Norse was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and their overseas settlements and chronologically coincides with the Viking Age, the Christianization of Scandinavia and the consolidation of Scandinavian kingdoms from about the 8th to the 15th centuries.
The North Germanic languages make up one of the three branches of the Germanic languages—a sub-family of the Indo-European languages—along with the West Germanic languages and the extinct East Germanic languages. The language group is also referred to as the Nordic languages, a direct translation of the most common term used among Danish, Faroese, Icelandic, Norwegian, and Swedish scholars and people.
Scanian is a Scandinavian speech variety spoken in the province of Scania in southern Sweden.
Runology is the study of the Runic alphabets, Runic inscriptions, and their history. Runology forms a specialized branch of Germanic linguistics.
Old Norwegian, also called Norwegian Norse, is an early form of the Norwegian language that was spoken between the 11th and 14th century; it is a transitional stage between Old West Norse and Middle Norwegian.
Einar Ingvald Haugen was an American linguist and writer known for his influential work in American sociolinguistics and Norwegian-American studies, including Old Norse studies.
Proto-Norse was an Indo-European language spoken in Scandinavia that is thought to have evolved as a northern dialect of Proto-Germanic in the first centuries CE. It is the earliest stage of a characteristically North Germanic language, and the language attested in the oldest Scandinavian Elder Futhark inscriptions, spoken from around the 2nd to the 8th centuries CE. It evolved into the dialects of Old Norse at the beginning of the Viking Age around 800 CE, which later themselves evolved into the modern North Germanic languages.
Scandinavian studies is an interdisciplinary academic field of area studies, mainly in the United States and Germany, that primarily focuses on the Scandinavian languages and cultural studies pertaining to Scandinavia and Scandinavian language and culture in the other Nordic countries. While Scandinavia is defined as Denmark, Norway and Sweden, the term Scandinavian in an ethnic, cultural and linguistic sense is often used synonymously with North Germanic and also refers to the peoples and languages of the Faroe Islands and Iceland; furthermore a minority in Finland are ethnically Scandinavian and speak Swedish natively.
Magnus Bernhard Olsen was a Norwegian philologist who specialized in Old Norse studies.
Ernst Håkon Jahr is a Norwegian linguist with about 230 publications, including about 50 books. He is currently (2012) dean of the Faculty of Humanities and Education at the University of Agder.
George Tobias Flom was an American professor of linguistics and author of numerous reference books.
Christian Schweigaard Stang was a Norwegian linguist, Slavicist and Balticist, professor in Balto-Slavic languages at the University of Oslo from 1938 until shortly before his death. He specialized in the study of Lithuanian and was highly regarded in Lithuania.
Peterolsen Groth Hjalmar Seierstedt Falk was a Norwegian linguist and philologist.
Helge Julius Jakhelln Dyvik is a Norwegian linguistics professor.
Cathrine Fabricius-Hansen is a Danish-born Norwegian Germanist. She is a professor of German studies at the University of Oslo; she originally taught in the Department of Germanic Studies, which is now part of the merged Department of Literature, Area Studies, and European Languages.
Jan Terje Faarlund is a Norwegian linguist and professor emeritus of North Germanic languages at the University of Oslo.
Ragnvald Iversen was a Norwegian educator and professor of North Germanic linguistics.
Geolinguistic organizations may be divided into academic associations, research institutes, and academic journals.
Karl Thorsten Gunnar Andersson was a Swedish toponymist, and a former Professor of Linguistics at Uppsala University.
François-Xavier Dillmann is a French philologist who specializes in Old Norse studies.
