Related Research Articles
Morality is the differentiation of intentions, decisions and actions between those that are distinguished as proper (right) and those that are improper (wrong). Morality can be a body of standards or principles derived from a code of conduct from a particular philosophy, religion or culture, or it can derive from a standard that a person believes should be universal. Morality may also be specifically synonymous with "goodness" or "rightness".
Irreligion is the neglect or active rejection of religion and, depending on the definition, a simple absence of religion.
The Oxford English Dictionary defines religiosity as: "Religiousness; religious feeling or belief. [...] Affected or excessive religiousness". Different scholars have seen this concept as broadly about religious orientations and degrees of involvement or commitment. Religiosity is measured at the levels of individuals or groups and there is a lack of agreement on what criteria would constitute religiosity among scholars. Sociologists of religion have observed that an individual's experience, beliefs, sense of belonging, and behavior often are not congruent with their actual religious behavior, since there is much diversity in how one can be religious or not. Multiple problems exist in measuring religiosity. For instance, measures of variables such as church attendance produce different results when different methods are used - such as traditional surveys vs time-use surveys.
The study of religiosity and intelligence explores the link between religiosity and intelligence or educational level. Religiosity and intelligence are both complex topics that include diverse variables, and the interactions among those variables are not always well understood. For instance, intelligence is often defined differently by different researchers; also, all scores from intelligence tests are only estimates of intelligence, because one cannot achieve concrete measurements of intelligence due to the concept’s abstract nature. Religiosity is also complex, in that it involves wide variations of interactions of religious beliefs, practices, behaviors, and affiliations, across a diverse array of cultures.
Accurate demographics of atheism are difficult to obtain since conceptions of atheism vary considerably across different cultures and languages, ranging from an active concept to being unimportant or not developed. Also in some countries and regions atheism carries a strong stigma, making it harder to count atheists in these countries. In global studies, the number of people without a religion is usually higher than the number of people without a belief in a deity and the number of people who agree with statements on lacking a belief in a deity is usually higher than the number of people who self-identify as "atheists".
Atheism, in the broadest sense, is an absence of belief in the existence of deities. Less broadly, atheism is a rejection of the belief that any deities exist. In an even narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there are no deities. Atheism is contrasted with theism, which in its most general form is the belief that at least one deity exists.
Douglas Conard Aagard is an American politician from Utah. A Republican, he was a member of the Utah State House, representing the state's 15th house district in Kaysville until his retirement in 2011. Prior to retiring, Aagard served as House majority leader following the resignation of Kevin Garn
Secular morality is the aspect of philosophy that deals with morality outside of religious traditions. Modern examples include humanism, freethinking, and most versions of consequentialism. Additional philosophies with ancient roots include those such as skepticism and virtue ethics. Greg M. Epstein also states that, "much of ancient Far Eastern thought is deeply concerned with human goodness without placing much if any stock in the importance of gods or spirits." An example is the Kural text of Valluvar, an ancient Indian theistic poet-philosopher whose work remains secular and non-denominational. Other philosophers have proposed various ideas about how to determine right and wrong actions. An example is Immanuel Kant's categorical imperative.
Stephen Edward "Steve" Zuckerman is an American television and theater director. He began his career in the theater. After being trained at the University of Michigan and the Yale School of Drama, he went on to be the Associate Artistic Director of the IRT Theater where he directed celebrated productions of Odets "Clash By Night" and Ibsen's "Brand" among many others. He was Director of Play Development at the Circle in the Square Theater and the Associate Artistic Director of the WPA Theater where he directed the premiere of "Nuts" which moved directly to Broadway and received two Tony Nominations and two Drama Desk Nominations.
The intersections of morality and religion involve the relationship between religious views and morals. It is common for religions to have value frameworks regarding personal behavior meant to guide adherents in determining between right and wrong. These include the Triple Gems of Jainism, Islam's Sharia, Catholicism's Catechism, Buddhism's Noble Eightfold Path, and Zoroastrianism's "good thoughts, good words, and good deeds" concept, among others. Various sources - such as holy books, oral and written traditions, and religious leaders - may outline and interpret these frameworks. Some religious systems share tenets with secular value-frameworks such as consequentialism, freethought, and utilitarianism.
Stephen Neal Zack is a Cuban-American Lawyer who fled from Castro's communist regime as a teenager. Zack attended the University of Florida for his bachelor's degree, and he received his Juris Doctor from the Levin College of Law. Zack was the youngest and first Hispanic president of the Florida Bar. Later, becoming President of the American Bar Association from 2010 to 2011. At present he is a partner at the Boies Schiller Flexner law firm.
Irreligion is common in Sweden, and Sweden is one of the most secular nations in the world. The majority of Swedish citizens are members of the Church of Sweden, but very few are practicing members. Sweden has legally been a secular state since 2000 when the Church of Sweden was separated from the state.
Gregory S. Zuckerman is a special writer at The Wall Street Journal and a non-fiction author.
Stephen J. Zaccaro is an American professor of psychology from Fairfax, Virginia where he teaches at the George Mason University. He has one book and 100 other works in print, which, according to Google Scholar were cited more than 8934 times bringing the h-index of his to 36.
Irreligion in Turkey refers to the extent of the lack, rejection of, or indifference towards religion in the Republic of Turkey. Based on surveys, Islam is the predominant religion and irreligious people form a minority in Turkey, although precise estimates of the share of Deists, atheists, agnostics, and other unaffiliated people in the population vary, though in the survey averages they make up more percentages than Christians and Jews in the country.
James Brite was an American architect.
Captain Stephen Alley was a British mechanical engineer and Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) agent in pre-revolutionary Russia who may have had an involvement in the murder of Rasputin in 1916 and in a plan to try to rescue the Russian Imperial Family, the Romanovs, imprisoned in Ipatiev House in 1918 by the Bolsheviks.
John Emary was a British tailor and businessman, and the founder of the fashion brand Aquascutum.
Evelyn Buff-Segal was an abstract expressionist painter who lived and worked in Rochester, New York.
References
- ↑ https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QJ2H-RKBC [ bare URL ]
- ↑ https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:K5L5-PL8 [ bare URL ]
- ↑ "Miron Zuckerman". University of Rochester. Retrieved 2017-10-07.
- ↑ Zuckerman, Miron; Silberman, Jordan; Hall, Judith A. (2013-08-06). "The Relation Between Intelligence and Religiosity". Personality and Social Psychology Review. 17 (4): 325–354. doi:10.1177/1088868313497266. PMID 23921675. S2CID 2815223.
- Rob Williams (2013-08-13). "Religious people are less intelligent than atheists, according to analysis of scores of scientific studies stretching back over decades" . The Independent. Archived from the original on 2022-05-15.
- ↑ Winston, Kimberly (2013-08-16). "Are atheists smarter than believers? Not exactly". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286 . Retrieved 2017-10-07.
- ↑ Goleman, Daniel (1984-06-12). "A Bias Puts Self at Center of Everything". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2017-10-07.
