Mitochondrion-related organelle

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Mitochondria-related organelles (MRO) are intracellular organelles which function like mitochondria, but differ in one or more key aspects. The MRO designation refers to three main types of organelles: H2-producing mitochondria, hydrogenosomes, or mitosomes. [1] Key aspects in which MROs may differ from mitochondria found in humans may include lack of ATP production, production of H2 molecules, lack of an electron transport chain, and (commonly) lack of using O2 as the terminal electron acceptor. [1]

Like mitochondria, MROs contain a double membrane; however, they commonly do not possess a genome, [2] though this is not universal. [3] This poses a question of how and why these organelles have been maintained in the eukaryotic cell.

Some MROs, as mentioned, do produce ATP providing power to the host cell. [4] Research has shown there is also a role for MROs in amino acid metabolism [5] and lipid metabolism. [6] Additionally, some research shows that these organelles have been retained due to their function in Iron–sulfur cluster (Fe–S) assembly. [7]

References

  1. ↑ Müller, Miklós; Mentel, Marek; van Hellemond, Jaap J.; Henze, Katrin; Woehle, Christian; Gould, Sven B.; Yu, Re-Young; van der Giezen, Mark; Tielens, Aloysius G. M.; Martin, William F. (June 2012). "Biochemistry and Evolution of Anaerobic Energy Metabolism in Eukaryotes". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 76 (2): 444–495. doi:10.1128/MMBR.05024-11. PMC   3372258 . PMID   22688819.
  2. ↑ Zhao, Weishan; Bu, Xialian; Zou, Hong; Li, Wenxiang; Wu, Shangong; Li, Ming; Wang, Guitang (3 November 2022). "The Genome of the Mitochondrion-Related Organelle in Cepedea longa, a Large Endosymbiotic Opalinid Inhabiting the Recta of Frogs". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 23 (21) 13472. doi: 10.3390/ijms232113472 . PMC   9656049 . PMID   36362255. ProQuest   2734639186.
  3. ↑ Lantsman, Yelena; Tan, Kevin S. W.; Morada, Mary; Yarlett, Nigel (September 2008). "Biochemical characterization of a mitochondrial-like organelle from Blastocystis sp. subtype 7". Microbiology. 154 (9): 2757–2766. doi: 10.1099/mic.0.2008/017897-0 . PMID   18757809.
  4. ↑ Gill, Erin E.; Diaz-Triviño, Sara; Barberà, Maria José; Silberman, Jeffrey D.; Stechmann, Alexandra; Gaston, Daniel; Tamas, Ivica; Roger, Andrew J. (December 2007). "Novel mitochondrion-related organelles in the anaerobic amoeba Mastigamoeba balamuthi". Molecular Microbiology. 66 (6): 1306–1320. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.05979.x. PMID   18045382.
  5. ↑ Denoeud, France; Roussel, Michaël; Noel, Benjamin; Wawrzyniak, Ivan; Da Silva, Corinne; Diogon, Marie; Viscogliosi, Eric; Brochier-Armanet, Céline; Couloux, Arnaud; Poulain, Julie; Segurens, Béatrice; Anthouard, Véronique; Texier, Catherine; Blot, Nicolas; Poirier, Philippe; Ng, Geok Choo; Tan, Kevin SW; Artiguenave, François; Jaillon, Olivier; Aury, Jean-Marc; Delbac, Frédéric; Wincker, Patrick; Vivarès, Christian P; El Alaoui, Hicham (25 March 2011). "Genome sequence of the stramenopile Blastocystis, a human anaerobic parasite". Genome Biology. 12 (3): R29. doi: 10.1186/gb-2011-12-3-r29 . PMC   3129679 . PMID   21439036.
  6. ↑ Shiflett, April M.; Johnson, Patricia J. (13 October 2010). "Mitochondrion-Related Organelles in Eukaryotic Protists". Annual Review of Microbiology. 64 (1): 409–429. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.62.081307.162826. PMC   3208401 . PMID   20528687.
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