Modular smartphone

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Front and back of a Fairphone 2 with a transparent case, showing the modular design. The individual components can be highlighted in the annotated image. Fairphone 2 ELEVATION transparent.jpg
Front and back of a Fairphone 2 with a transparent case, showing the modular design. The individual components can be highlighted in the annotated image.

A modular smartphone is a smartphone designed for users to upgrade or replace components and modules without the need for resoldering or repair services. [1] The most important component is the main board, to which others such as cameras and batteries are attached. [1] Components can be obtained from open-source hardware stores. [2]

Contents

This design aims to reduce electronic waste, increase the phone's lifespan, and lower repair costs. [1] However, modular smartphones are generally bulkier and slower than their non-modular counterparts which may make them less attractive for most consumers. [3]

Motivation

Environmental impact and ethical considerations

Consumers may be motivated to buy modular phones to bypass non-modular phones, which are designed with planned obsolescence. [4]  Planned obsolescence, originating from American industrial designer Brooks Stevens, is a strategy of selling phones to be replaced rather than repaired. [5]

Planned obsolescence in smartphones prematurely shortens their life spans, as users replace their smartphones earlier than necessary. [5] [6] This quick consumption cycle, caused by planned obsolescence, can lead to increased electronic waste. [5] (Electronic waste is one of the world's fastest growing sources of waste.) [7]

Modular phones, which are repairable and do not need to be as frequently replaced, are considered as a sustainable consumer electronic. Modular phones have also been proposed as an ethically conscious alternative to annual phone release. However, the degree of benefits are unclear because modular phone companies can not accurately trace the origin of all their materials. [8]

In addition to the impact of disposal, the manufacturing of phones, which includes use of conflict minerals can result in soil degradation and heavy metal pollution. [5] High amounts of energy, ore and processing power are required to obtain small quantities of the minerals used in the circuit board, display and battery of mobile phones. [5]

Repairability

Consumers often prematurely replace their smartphones due to degradation of certain components that experience the most mechanical stress and are costly to repair (specifically the display, battery, or back cover). [9] Modularity in smartphones promotes self-repair over repair services by enabling consumers to swap out faulty components for functional ones without incurring service or labor costs. [10] The ability to self-repair creates positive user experience, which translates to higher satisfaction and brand loyalty. [10]

Customization and upgradability

Modular phones are part of a trend in mass customization which propelled by consumers’ demand for new product iterations within shorter time frames. [11] Companies like Fairphone and Google saw modular smartphones as a way to extend the life cycles of smartphones and their components while satisfying the consumer need for incremental customizations and upgrades. [11] Such customization-intense platforms can have many resultant configurations.  [12]

Component lending

Modular components can be lended out when they are not in use by the owner is a concept not yet realized, but is being considered as a viable option to reduce e-waste. [13] Specialized components such as ultra high-definition cameras, condenser microphones, or barometers are generally costly to produce, and are only useful in very specific applications. [14] These specialized components can be lended out to users on a per-need basis, thus reducing the number of units that need to be produced and increasing the number of people who can have access to otherwise hard-to-obtain equipment. [13]

History

Modu (2008)

The Modu Phone is a modular smartphone created by an Israeli company. The Modu Phone is the first modular smartphone and has a record as the world’s lightest hand-held mobile phone in the Guinness World Records. [15] The Modu Phone is a ‘Jacket’ type modular smartphone that allows customers to chop and customize the style of their mobile phone by slipping it into various Modu jackets, also known as phone connector. [16] The Modu jackets available for the customers were GPS, camera, MP3 player, and keyboards. [16]

The Modu Phone was first commercially launched in Israel in June 2009. The introductory Modu Phone kit was about $125 (500 Israeli shekels). [17] The introductory Modu Phone kit contains 2GB of internal memory device and a music player jacket. [16]

In January 2011, Modu announced that the company was in debt and closed all operations in the following month. [18] In May 2011, Google paid $4.9 million for the patents of the Modu company’s mobile phones, including the Modu Phone. [18]

Phonebloks (2013)

In 2013, Phonebloks (a concept that was never manufactured) was the first modular smartphone concept that attracted widespread attention. [19] First conceptualized by Dutch industrial designer, Dave Hakkens, this smartphone would have been made of detachable blocks that are connected to a base. [19] Each detachable block would have had pins which transfer electrical signals to the base. [20] To lock the device together, two small screws are used at the base. [20]

A diagram of the Phonebloks concept. Different sized modules were imagined as being attached to a base that served as the motherboard for the modular smartphone. Phonebloks open.jpg
A diagram of the Phonebloks concept. Different sized modules were imagined as being attached to a base that served as the motherboard for the modular smartphone.

The concept of Phonebloks would not only have allowed a customer to easily replace broken components of the phone, rather than replacing the entire device, it also allow a customer to build and customize their perfect phone. [20] This would have included upgrading to a larger storage block, or a better camera, depending on the user’s use of the component. [20]

Project Ara (2013)

Inspired by the concept of Phonebloks, Google developed a modular smartphone project called Project Ara. [21] This project was formerly headed by the Advanced Technology and Projects team of Motorola Mobility. [21]

The purpose of Project Ara was to develop a smartphone that could be repaired, rather than replaced in whole. [21] It was hoped that it could be part of a solution to decrease the electronic waste produced from non-modular smartphones. [21] Google's design consisted of one metal endoskeleton with several different hardware modules attached. These parts include the battery, the processor, the display screen, the camera, storage components, and speakers. [22]

In addition to reducing electronic waste, Project Ara also proposed to include a specialized Wifi module that would ensure a strong signal no matter the ISP. [22] Project Ara's starter kit which includes the endoskeleton, CPU, battery, display, and Wifi was priced at $50. [21]

Due to the device's complexity, its need for constant upgrading, and lack of support from mobile carriers, Google abandoned Project Ara. [22] Most consumers purchase their cell phones without an expansive understanding of the technical components, but purchasing a modular smartphone would force consumers to learn about how processors, RAMs, and storage impact the function of the smartphone when looking for upgrades. [22] In addition, big mobile companies do not support Project Ara because they directly profit from customers replacing their non-modular smartphones every few years. [19] Finally, due to the constant advancements of hardware components, such as graphic cards, CPU, RAM, and storage cards, the modular smartphone would need to be constantly upgraded. [22] This may ultimately create more electronic waste since more modules may need to be replaced more frequently than replacing a smartphone. [19]

Fairphone (2015)

Fairphone is a modular smartphone created by a Dutch company, a social enterprise that aims to produce smartphones with the goal of having a lower environmental footprint. [23] The first model of Fairphone, Fairphone 1, was released in 2013, and the most recent model, Fairphone 5, was released in August 2023. [23]

As of 2022, Fairphone 4 was priced at €579 and had sold around 400,000 devices in Europe. [24] Fairphone 4 uses a Kryo 570 processor that can support 5G connectivity, with a Sony IMX363 camera sensor. [24] According to the company, it has increased the lifespan of a phone by two years and achieved a decrease of 29% for the yearly Global Warning Potential impact category when extending the phone lifetime to 5 years and 42% of the GWP when extended to 7 years. [25]

Shiftphone (2015)

Shiftphone is a modular smartphone created by the German company SHIFT. [26] The first model of Shiftphone, SHIFT4 was released in 2015, and the most recent version was the SHIFT6mq released in June 2020. [27] The next model is expected to be SHIFTphone 8, scheduled for release in 2023. [28] Currently, the annual turnover of Shift is less than 1 million. [29]

To lower the inhibition threshold of self-repair, SHIFT provides video instructions via YouTube , and provides a repair service for customers. [29] The company also offers hardware upgrade opportunities. [29] The goal of the company is to provide spare parts for a period of ten years for the Shift 6mq released. [29]

Shiftphone and the company were criticized for not providing information regarding conflict-free material used in Shiftphone. [30] The company also did not provide detailed audit reports about component suppliers. [30]

Challenges

Technical limitations

Modular smartphones are difficult to miniaturize, and as a result, they are generally bulkier, slower, and less sturdy than non-modular phones. [3] Because a modular smartphone is separated into individual components, the distance between each of the components is significantly larger than that of non-modular phones. [31] This increased bulkiness leads modular smartphones to having a shorter battery life and slower responsiveness because distances between components are directly correlated with data speeds and power efficiency; the larger the distance, the slower the speed and efficiency. [31]

Modular phones also rely on pre-manufactured components from different suppliers like InvenSense, Asahi Kasei, and Amotech that roughly fit different connecting pieces together. [32] This uneven fitting of the different modules causes the device to function slower than non-modular smartphones, which have perfectly aligned components that increase device responsiveness. [32]

Furthermore, making pluggable modules that are more space-optimal would be difficult due to the complexity of hardware configurations. [3] Separate modules not only take up more space, but they also require individualized and self-contained boxes in order to ensure each component can be safely handled, which also adds to the device's overall size. [3] In contrast, non-modular phones, such as the iPhone produced by Apple Inc., the memory, the processor, and the graphics circuitry are all built into a single chip. [3] This is able to foster a faster connection and a significantly smaller device. [3]

The intrinsically interchangeable nature of modular phones also poses a challenge as this characteristic makes these devices less sturdy. [3] While Project Ara used latches and electropermanent magnets to achieve a more durable phone, the device still has a higher potential for breaking apart than non-modular smartphones because they rely on detachable components. [33] In addition, due to the nature of modular smartphones having removable modules, as users pry modules off, replace them, and move them around, there is an increased possibility of breakage that exceeds that of non-modular devices. [31]

Market uncertainty

There are also market uncertainties about consumer demand and distribution of modular smartphones. Currently, smartphone consumers prefer to have fast product iteration and individualization. [3] There are concerns that consumers may be overwhelmed by the number of choices and would prefer pre-packaged phones, or that the modular smartphone distribution process lacks the agility to keep up with short product life-cycles. [3] Therefore, the secondary component market's viability is unclear, until more products become available. [34]

In addition to uncertainties regarding consumer demand, there are concerns about whether smartphone providers have sufficient incentives to  distribute modular smartphones. [3] providers, like AT&T and Verizon, are profitable because of their trade-in policies and  short-term contracts for phones.  [3] Therefore, these companies may not be receptive to selling and promoting modular smartphones that may result in fewer trade-ins if it may risk their own profits. [3]

While there are concerns, proponents hope that the technical challenges can be overcome and that a viable market ecosystem (the hardware version of an app store) will enable finer-grained competition that will benefit consumers with better and cheaper choices

Modular phone platforms

Current

In development

Discontinued

See also

Related Research Articles

In economics and industrial design, planned obsolescence is a policy of planning or designing a product with an artificially limited useful life or a purposely frail design, so that it becomes obsolete after a certain pre-determined period of time upon which it decrementally functions or suddenly ceases to function, or might be perceived as unfashionable. The rationale behind this strategy is to generate long-term sales volume by reducing the time between repeat purchases. It is the deliberate shortening of a lifespan of a product to force people to purchase functional replacements.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Modular design</span> Design approach

Modular design, or modularity in design, is a design principle that subdivides a system into smaller parts called modules, which can be independently created, modified, replaced, or exchanged with other modules or between different systems.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Modu</span> Mobile phone company

Modu was an Israeli mobile phone company founded in 2007 by Dov Moran. The company invented the Modu, a modular cellular device which could be used in various other devices. Modu held the record for the world's lightest mobile phone, and it was the first modular cellphone. The Modu phone enabled users to personalize their mobile's looks and features by inserting it into a range of unique phone enclosures, known as Modu jackets. The jackets available were keyboard, sporty chassis, camera, and MP3 player.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dov Moran</span> Israeli entrepreneur, inventor and investor

Dov Moran is an Israeli entrepreneur, inventor and investor, best known as the inventor of the USB memory stick, and one of the most prominent Israeli hi-tech leaders.

iFixit American company aiming to ease repairing of consumer electronics

iFixit is an American e-commerce and how-to website that sells repair parts and publishes free wiki-like online repair guides for consumer electronics and gadgets. The company also performs product tear-downs of consumer devices. It is a private company in San Luis Obispo, California founded in 2003, spurred by Kyle Wiens not being able to locate an Apple iBook G3 repair manual while the company's founders were attending Cal Poly San Luis Obispo.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hacking of consumer electronics</span>

The hacking of consumer electronics is an increasingly common practice that users perform to customize and modify their devices beyond what is typically possible. This activity has a long history, dating from the days of early computer, programming, and electronics hobbyists.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lenovo smartphones</span> Smartphones

Lenovo smartphones are marketed as the "LePhone" in Mainland China and the "IdeaPhone" overseas. Motorola Mobility, ZUK Mobile and Medion, divisions of Lenovo, sell smartphones under their own brands. On April 27, 2017, Lenovo announced that the ZUK brand would cease operations. As of September 2015, Lenovo is in the process of rebranding most of its phones using the Motorola brand name.

Fairphone is a Dutch electronics manufacturer that designs and produces smartphones and headphones. It aims to minimise the ethical and environmental impact of its devices by using recycled, fairtrade and conflict-free materials, maintaining fair labor conditions throughout its workforce and suppliers, and enabling users to easily repair their devices through modular design and by providing replacement parts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phonebloks</span>

Phonebloks is an open-source modular smartphone concept created and designed by the Dutch designer Dave Hakkens in 2013, primarily to reduce electronic waste. While Phonebloks is not the first attempt at modular design in a phone, it is notable due to the extent of its modularity and the attention and support it has gained. By attaching individual third-party components to a main board, a user would create a personalized smartphone. These bloks can be replaced at will to replace a broken blok, to upgrade an existing blok, or to expand the functionality of the phone into a specific direction. Bloks would be available in Blokstore, "an app store for hardware", where users could buy new and used bloks as well as sell back their old ones.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Project Ara</span> Project for a modular smartphone by Google

Project Ara was a modular smartphone project under development by Google. The project was originally headed by the Advanced Technology and Projects team within Motorola Mobility while it was a Google subsidiary. Google retained the ATAP group when selling Motorola Mobility to Lenovo, and it was placed under the stewardship of the Android development staff; Ara was later split off as an independent operation. Google stated that Project Ara was being designed to be utilized by "6 billion people": 1 billion current smartphone users, and 5 billion feature phone users.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paul Eremenko</span> Technology executive

Paul Eremenko is a Ukrainian American innovator and technology executive. He was formerly the Chief Technology Officer and Senior Vice President of United Technologies Corporation. Earlier, he served as the CTO of Airbus, and former CEO of Airbus Silicon Valley innovation center. He is a former Google executive and head of Google's Project Ara, an effort to create an open, modular smartphone platform. Eremenko was named one of the Top-10 Tech Leaders of 2015 in FORTUNE Magazine. Eremenko has also come out as a strong proponent of artificial intelligence and autonomy research. Eremenko has cited his desire to build a starship as the motivation underpinning his career.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fairphone 2</span> Smartphone

The Fairphone 2 is a touchscreen-based, dual-SIM smartphone designed to be easily repaired by the user. First released in December 2015, it was the first modular smartphone available for purchase and has since received both hardware improvements and major software updates, initially shipping with Android 5 "Lollipop" and running Android 10 as of November 2022. Production ceased in 2018.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Google ATAP</span> Skunkworks team and in-house technology incubator

Google's Advanced Technology and Projects group (ATAP) is a skunkworks team and in-house technology incubator, created by former DARPA director Regina Dugan. ATAP is similar to X, but works on projects, granting project leaders time—previously only two years—in which to move a project from concept to proven product. According to Dugan, the ideal ATAP project combines technology and science, requires a certain amount of novel research, and creates a marketable product. Historically, the ATAP team was born at Motorola Mobility and kept when Google sold Motorola Mobility to Lenovo in 2014; for this reason, ATAP ideas have tended to involve mobile hardware technology.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shiftphone</span> Modular easy-to-repair fair-trade smartphone series.

Shiftphone is a modular, easy-to-repair smartphone brand created by the company SHIFT in Germany. The company emphasizes fair trade and ecology, similar to Fairphone. Instead of tantalum capacitors made from coltan, ceramic capacitors are used for their manufacturing. So far, eleven model series have been released. The most recent release was the SHIFT6mq in June 2020. The upcoming device will be the SHIFTphone 8, scheduled for release in 2024.

/e/ is a fork of LineageOS, an Android-based mobile operating system, and associated online services. /e/ is presented as privacy software that does not contain proprietary Google apps or services, and challenges the public to "find any parts of the system or default applications that are still leaking data to Google."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fairphone 3</span> Third phone model of the company Fairphone

The Fairphone 3 and 3+ are touchscreen-based smartphones made by Fairphone. The phone has a modular, repairable design and is "constructed out of responsibly-sourced, conflict-free, and recycled materials where possible". It went on sale on 3 September 2019. It comes with Android 9 "Pie" installed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shift6m</span>

The Shift6m is a modular smartphone produced by the Shift GmbH from Falkenberg, Hessen, Germany. It was released in May 2018.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SHIFT (company)</span> German information technology company

SHIFT is a German smartphone and phablet manufacturer with its headquarters with design and development department in Wabern in Northern Hesse Germany and Production in China. The company focuses on fairness in manufacturing and sustainability through a modular design.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fairphone 5</span> Fifth phone model of the company Fairphone

Fairphone 5 is a smartphone designed and marketed by Fairphone, following its Fairphone 4. Announced on 30 August 2023, the Fairphone 5 has been shipping since 14 September 2023.

References

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  2. ↑ Hakkens, David. "Phonebloks: A Phone Worth Keeping (Idea)". Archived from the original on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
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  12. ↑ Colombo, E. F.; Shougarian, N.; Sinha, K.; Cascini, G.; de Weck, O. L. (2020-01-01). "Value analysis for customizable modular product platforms: theory and case study". Research in Engineering Design. 31 (1): 123–140. doi:10.1007/s00163-019-00326-4. hdl: 1721.1/131801.2 . ISSN   1435-6066. S2CID   253684846.
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  14. ↑ Das, Anshuman; Swedish, Tristan; Wahi, Akshat; Moufarrej, Mira; Noland, Marie; Gurry, Thomas; Aranda-Michel, Edgar; Aksel, Deniz; Wagh, Sneha; Sadashivaiah, Vijay; Zhang, Xu; Raskar, Ramesh (2015-06-03). Druy, Mark A.; Crocombe, Richard A.; Bannon, David P. (eds.). "Mobile phone based mini-spectrometer for rapid screening of skin cancer". Next-Generation Spectroscopic Technologies VIII. SPIE. 9482: 122–126. Bibcode:2015SPIE.9482E..0MD. doi:10.1117/12.2182191. hdl: 1721.1/110567 . S2CID   79815394.
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  17. ↑ German, Kent. "Modu gets first commercial launch". CNET. Retrieved 2023-04-06.
  18. 1 2 "Report: Google acquires Modu's mobile patents | The Digital Home - CNET News". 2011-09-22. Archived from the original on 2011-09-22. Retrieved 2023-04-06.
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  23. 1 2 "Fairphone | The phone that cares for people and planet". Fairphone. Retrieved 2023-04-06.
  24. 1 2 "Fairphone 4". shop.fairphone.com. Retrieved 2023-04-06.
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  26. ↑ "Shiftphone: an Ethical Smartphone That's Made in Germany". Digital for Good | RESET.ORG. 2017-10-24. Retrieved 2023-04-07.
  27. ↑ "SHIFTPHONES - Sustainable technology from Germany". www.shiftphones.co.nz. Retrieved 2023-04-07.
  28. ↑ "SHIFTphone 8 Status". SHIFT - (in German). Retrieved 2023-04-07.
  29. 1 2 3 4 Steiniger, Hannah. "Implementation of a Circular Product Design - Case Study of a Smartphone Manufacturer". Universitätsbibliothek der Leuphana Universität, 2019.
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