Mohamed Pasha Jaff, was born in 1714 and was considered the supreme leader of the Kurdish Jaff tribe. The Sherwana Castle was built by him. The Jaff dialect (called Jaffi) is part of Sorani, a south-southeastern branch of the Kurdish language family. The region inhabited by this tribe is southwest of Sanandaj all the way to Javanroud, and also areas around the city of Sulaimaniyah in Southern Kurdistan.
Mohamed Pasha Jaff received the noble title of Pasha from the Ottoman Empire. [1]
At 20 years old he settled in Sherwana Castle in Kalar region in Iraqi Kurdistan. His determination to protect the Jaff tribe led to several clashes between him against the Qajars and Ottomans. The Jaff tribe still exists today and has three million people. Man of strong convictions and great love for knowledge, sent various explorations to America. [2]
The Kurds are an Iranian ethnic group in the Middle East. They have historically inhabited the mountainous areas to the south of Lake Van and Lake Urmia, a geographical area collectively referred to as Kurdistan. Most Kurds speak Northern Kurdish Kurmanji Kurdish (Kurmanji) and Central Kurdish (Sorani).
The Treaty of Sèvres was a 1920 treaty signed between the Allies of World War I and the Ottoman Empire. The treaty ceded large parts of Ottoman territory to France, the United Kingdom, Greece and Italy, as well as creating large occupation zones within the Ottoman Empire. It was one of a series of treaties that the Central Powers signed with the Allied Powers after their defeat in World War I. Hostilities had already ended with the Armistice of Mudros.
The Kingdom of Kurdistan was a short-lived Kurdish state proclaimed in the city of Sulaymaniyah following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. It lasted from September 1921 until July 1925. Officially, the territory involved was under the jurisdiction of the British Mandate of Mesopotamia.
The Zand tribe is a Laki-speaking Luri tribe mainly populating the countryside of Khanaqin in Iraq and in the provinces of Kurdistan and Hamadan of Iran.
Jaff is the largest Kurdish tribe also known as clan, living in the borderlands of Iran and Iraq. Their heartland is between Sulaymaniyah to Sanandaj. The tribe predominantly adheres to the Shafi'i school with many Naqshbandi and Qadiriyya followers. It originated in the year 1114 by Zaher Beg Jaff, other important leaders were Mohamed Pasha Jaff, Lady Adela, Osman Pasha Jaff and Mahmud Pasha Jaff, their ancestral home is Sherwana Castle. The Ottoman Empire bestowed on them the name Pasha, a noble title, in the 1700s. They are the biggest Kurdish tribe in the Middle East with approximately 4 million people and they speak Babani Sorani. They ruled the Ardalan Principality until the 1860s.
Kurdish nationalism is a nationalist political movement which asserts that Kurds are a nation and espouses the creation of an independent Kurdistan from Iran, Iraq, Syria and Turkey.
Mulla Abu Bakr Effendi, also Mulla Effendi, also Abu Bakr IV or Küçük Mulla was a senior Kurdish Muslim Scholar, Islamic philosopher, scholar, astronomer, politician, and a prominent personality from Arbil, Iraq.
The following is a list of tribes of Kurdish people, an ethnic group from the geo-cultural region of Kurdistan in Western Asia.
Yazidis or Yezidis are a Kurdish-speaking endogamous religious group who are indigenous to Kurdistan, a geographical region in Western Asia that includes parts of Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran. The majority of Yazidis remaining in the Middle East today live in Iraq, primarily in the governorates of Nineveh and Duhok.
The Bajalan tribe, are an ethnic Kurdish Bajelani speaking tribe.
Lady Adela Jaff or Adela Khanem, called the Princess of the Brave by the British was a Kurdish ruler of the Jaff tribe and one of the first famous woman leaders in the history of Kurdistan. The Jaff tribe is the biggest tribe in Kurdistan and is native to the Zagros area, which is divided between Iran and Iraq. Adela Khanem was of the famous aristocratic Sahibqeran family, who intermarried with the tribal chiefs of Jaff. Lady Adela exerted great influence in the affairs of Jaff tribe in the Sharazor plain. The Brits appointed her the title “Lady” due to the restoration of trade and law in the region and succeeded in saving the lives of hundreds of British soldiers.
Sherwana Castle, also known as Shirwanah Castle, is a castle located in Kalar, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Sherwana Castle is the ancestral home of the Jaff family.
Ranya District is a district of Sulaymaniyah Governorate, Iraqi Kurdistan, Iraq. Its capital is Ranya. The district has a population of 200,826. The district includes three towns, Çiwarqurne, Bêtwate and Hacî awa, and is the centre of the Bîtwên and Raperîn area. The region of Ranya has been inhabited since ancient times and is rich in archaeologic sites such as Tell Shemshara, Tell Bazmusian, Qalatga Darband, Girdedême, Kameryan and Boskin hills and Ranya castle. Its history as a district dates from the Ottoman Empire period in (1789) when the first district commissioner was appointed. The main tribes in Ranya are the Jaff, Bilbas, Ako and Shawri. Agriculturally, the area is well known for its fertile soil. The principle crops are sunflowers, tobacco, rice, wheat and barley.
A series of massacres in Hakkari in the years 1843 and 1846 of Assyrians were carried out by the Kurdish emirs of Bohtan and Hakkari, Bedr Khan Bey, Nurullah. The massacres resulted in the killing of more than 10,000 Assyrians and the captivity of thousands of others.
The nationalist movement among the Kurdish people first emerged in the late 19th century with an uprising in 1880 led by Sheik Ubeydullah. Many Kurds worked with other opponents of the Ottoman regime within the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP). A growth in ethnic consciousness at the start of the 20th century was spearheaded by the Society for the Elevation of Kurdistan. Some Kurdish nationalist groups agitated for secession, others for autonomy.
Ahmed Barzani revolt refers to the first of the major Barzani revolts and the third Kurdish nationalistic insurrection in modern Iraq. The revolt began in 1931, after Ahmed Barzani, one of the most prominent Kurdish leaders in southern Kurdistan, succeeded in unifying a number of other Kurdish tribes. The ambitious Kurdish leader enlisted a number of Kurdish leaders into the revolt, including his young brother Mustafa Barzani, who became one of the most notorious commanders during this revolt. The Barzani forces were eventually overpowered by the Iraqi Army with British support, forcing the leaders of Barzan to go underground.
Mustafa Pasha Bajalan, was an Ottoman Kurdish general and administrator, He was the final head of the Bajalan family and his father was the last hereditary governor of the Pashlik of Zohab.
Nirizhi Nerzhi or Niriji is one of the branches of Jaff, a Kurdish nomadic confederation at west of Iran and northeast Iraq. Nirizhi is a branch of Guran Jaff which is one of the three major groups of Jaff 1. The Jaff tribe who mainly lived in the Javanrood area, and migrated seasonally to the plain of Zahab, mainly moved to the Ottoman-dominated areas of Sulaimaniyah following a battle with the governor of Ardalan in the seventeenth century, during which their supreme chief captured and killed. But some of the branches that remained in the Javanrud area gradually moved away. The Nirizhi branch along with the Kuwaik, Taishaii, Gorg Ghaeish, Qader Mirwaisi, Kolkani, and Yusef Yarahmadi separated from the Jaff branches at the Javanrud region by the mid-nineteenth century, and joined the Guran . Nirizhi joined the Guran during Qajar period. The joining of Nirizhi and other branches to Guran coincided with Ardalan's domination of the Javanrud region and coincided with the repression of Qader Beyg son of Kay Khosrow Beyg Jaff. Two well known chiefs of Nirzhi are Safar-wais Sultan and Yar-wais Sultan.
Akram Hamid Begzadeh Jaff الدكتور اكرم حامد بك جاف (14 July 1929 – 21 November 2010) was a Kurdish leader who served in various posts in the Iraqi government and the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). Also known as "Al Jaff" or "Al-Jaff" in some literature & records.
Ely Bannister Soane (1881–1923) was a British major, linguist, intelligence agent and writer who is best known for his travels around Kurdistan and Mesopotamia and works on Kurds.
( Joseph Pierre Ferrier 1856 )
Joseph Pierre Ferrier (1856). Caravan Journeys and Wanderings in Persia, Afghanistan, Turkistan, and Beloochistan: With Historical Notices of the Countries Lying Between Russia and India. J. Murray. ISBN 9780598015839.
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