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A series of bombings occurred on 12 October 2002,in the tourist district of Kuta on the Indonesian island of Bali. The attacks killed 202 people and a further 209 people were injured. General Da'i Bachtiar,the Indonesian Chief of Police at the time,said that the bombings was the "Worst act of terror in Indonesia's history".
The Constitutional Court of South Africa is the supreme constitutional court established by the Constitution of South Africa,and is the apex court in the South African judicial system,with general jurisdiction.
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The Bali Nine were a group of nine Australians convicted for attempting to smuggle 8.3 kg (18 lb) of heroin out of Indonesia in April 2005. The heroin was valued at around A$4 million and was bound for Australia. Ringleaders Andrew Chan and Myuran Sukumaran were sentenced to death and executed on 29 April 2015. Six other members,Si Yi Chen,Michael Czugaj,Tan Duc Thanh Nguyen,Matthew Norman,Scott Rush and Martin Stephens,were sentenced to life imprisonment and another,Renae Lawrence,to a 20-year sentence but was released after the sentence was commuted in November 2018. The Indonesian authorities reported on 5 June 2018 that Tan Duc Thanh Nguyen had died of stomach cancer.
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Matthew James Norman is an Australian man who was convicted in Indonesia for drug trafficking as a member of the Bali Nine. In 2005,Norman was arrested in a room at the Melasti Hotel in Kuta together with three others. Police uncovered 334 g (11.8 oz) of heroin in a suitcase in the room. After a criminal trial,on 15 February 2006 Norman was sentenced to life imprisonment. His appeal to the Indonesian Supreme Court to have the sentence reduced suffered a shock when the Supreme Court imposed the death penalty on 6 September 2006. A subsequent appeal to the Indonesian Supreme Court,following a full confession by Norman to his role in the plan to import heroin from Bali to Australia,resulted in the original sentence of life imprisonment being reinstated.
Myuran Sukumaran was an Australian who was convicted in Indonesia of drug trafficking as a member of the Bali Nine. In 2005,Sukumaran was arrested in a room at the Melasti Hotel in Kuta,Bali with eight others. Police found 334 g (11.8 oz) of heroin in a suitcase in the room. According to court testimonies of convicted drug mules,Sukumaran and Andrew Chan were the co-ringleaders of the heroin-smuggling operation from Indonesia to Australia. After a criminal trial,Sukumaran was sentenced on 14 February 2006 by the Denpasar District Court to execution by firing squad.
Scott Anthony Rush is an Australian former labourer who was convicted in Indonesia for drug trafficking as a member of the Bali Nine. In 2005,on his first trip to Bali,Rush was arrested at Ngurah Rai International Airport in Denpasar with 1.3 kg (2.9 lb) of heroin concealed on his body. After a criminal trial,on 13 February 2006,Rush was sentenced to life imprisonment. After appealing against the severity of the sentence,in a surprise outcome handed down by the Bali High Court on 6 September 2006,Rush's sentence was changed to the death penalty. On 10 May 2011,Rush's death sentence was reduced to life imprisonment on appeal to the Indonesian Supreme Court.
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Michael William Czugaj is an Australian former glazier from Oxley,a suburb of Brisbane,Queensland,was convicted in Indonesia for drug trafficking of heroin as a member of the Bali Nine. In 2005,Czugaj was arrested at Ngurah Rai International Airport in Denpasar with 1.75 kg (3.9 lb) of heroin concealed on his body. After a criminal trial on 14 February 2006 Czugaj was sentenced to life imprisonment. His life sentence was reduced to a term of 20 years on appeal on 26 April 2006,but reinstated five months later.
Tan Duc Thanh Nguyen was a Vietnamese–Australian citizen. He was convicted in Indonesia for drug trafficking as a member of the Bali Nine. In 2005,Nguyen was arrested in a room at the Melasti Hotel in Kuta,Bali together with three others. Police uncovered 334 g (11.8 oz) of heroin in a suitcase in the room. After a criminal trial,on 15 February 2006 Nguyen was sentenced to life imprisonment. His appeal to the Indonesian Supreme Court to have the sentence reduced suffered a shock when the Supreme Court imposed the death penalty on 6 September 2006.
Si Yi Chen is an Australian man who was convicted in Indonesia for drug trafficking as a member of the Bali Nine. In 2005,Chen was arrested in a room at the Melasti Hotel in Kuta,Bali together with three others. Police uncovered 334 g (11.8 oz) of heroin in a suitcase in the room. After a criminal trial,on 15 February 2006 Chen was sentenced to life imprisonment. His appeal to the Indonesian Supreme Court to have the sentence reduced suffered a shock when the Supreme Court imposed the death penalty on 6 September 2006. A subsequent appeal to the Indonesian Supreme Court,following a full confession by Chen to his role in the plan to import heroin from Bali to Australia,resulted in the original sentence of life imprisonment being reinstated.
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Lindsay June Sandiford is a former legal secretary and convicted drug smuggler from Redcar,Teesside in North Yorkshire,England who was sentenced to death in January 2013 by a court in Indonesia after being found guilty of smuggling cocaine into Bali. Although death is the maximum punishment for drugs-related offences under Indonesian law,the severity of the sentence was greeted with shock because prosecutors had not recommended the death penalty for Sandiford. The ruling was also condemned by the British government and anti-death penalty campaigners.
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References
- 1 2 Agus Sahbani and Andin Aditya Rahman, Former Constitutional Judge Supports Judicial Review on Cigarette Double Taxation, Hukumonline English, 4 September 2013. Accessed 8 September 2016.
- 1 2 Cindy Wockner and Komang Erviani, Indonesian judge says Bali Nine duo shouldn’t be shot because the death penalty doesn’t work, News.com.au, 3 February 2015. Accessed 8 September 2016.
- ↑ Margareth S. Aritonang and Ina Parlina, After escaping death, convicts fight for clemency, Jakarta Post, 3 August 2016. Accessed 8 September 2016.