Romania's political framework is a semi-presidential representative democratic republic where the Prime Minister is the head of government while the President,according to the constitution,has a more symbolic role,is responsible for the foreign policy,signs certain decrees,approves laws promulgated by the parliament,and nominates the head of government. Romania has a democratic,multi-party system,with legislative power vested in the government and the two chambers of the Parliament,more specifically the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. From 1948 until 1989,the communist rule political structure took place in the framework of a one-party socialist republic governed by the Romanian Communist Party (PCR) as its only legal party.
Fidesz –Hungarian Civic Alliance is a right-wing populist and national-conservative political party in Hungary led by Viktor Orbán.
Viktor Mihály Orbán is a Hungarian lawyer and politician who has been Prime Minister of Hungary since 2010,previously holding the office from 1998 to 2002. He has led the Fidesz political party since 1993,with a break between 2000 and 2003.
The National Liberal Party is a Christian-democratic and socially conservative political party in Romania. Re-founded in mid January 1990,shortly after the Revolution of 1989 which culminated in the fall of communism in Romania,it claims the legacy of the major political party of the same name,active between 1875 and 1947 in the Kingdom of Romania. Based on this historical legacy,it often presents itself as the first formally constituted political party in the country and the oldest of its kind from the family of European liberal parties as well.
Monica Luisa Macovei is a Romanian politician,lawyer and former prosecutor,and former Member of the European Parliament from the European Conservatives and Reformists and formerly a member of the Romanian Democratic Liberal Party (PDL). She was the Minister of Justice of Romania in the first cabinet of Prime Minister Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu. In this position she was credited with implementing the justice reforms required for Romania to become a member state of the European Union. Macovei was also an independent candidate in Romania's 2014 presidential elections.
Leonard Orban is a Romanian independent technocrat who served as the Commissioner for Multilingualism in the European Commission,the executive body of the European Union (EU). He was responsible for the EU language policy and was the first Romanian Commissioner and the first member of the Commission whose portfolio is exclusively multilingualism. His term of office began on 1 January 2007 and ended on 9 February 2010. With a background in engineering and economics,Orban has taken up various posts working for the accession of Romania to the European Union,most prominently as Deputy and later as Chief Negotiator for his country at the time of final negotiations with the European Union.
The enlargement of the eurozone is an ongoing process within the European Union (EU). All member states of the European Union,except Denmark which negotiated an opt-out from the provisions,are obliged to adopt the euro as their sole currency once they meet the criteria,which include:complying with the debt and deficit criteria outlined by the Stability and Growth Pact,keeping inflation and long-term governmental interest rates below certain reference values,stabilising their currency's exchange rate versus the euro by participating in the European Exchange Rate Mechanism,and ensuring that their national laws comply with the ECB statute,ESCB statute and articles 130+131 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. The obligation for EU member states to adopt the euro was first outlined by article 109.1j of the Maastricht Treaty of 1992,which became binding on all new member states by the terms of their treaties of accession.
Cătălin Marian Predoiu is a Romanian lawyer who served as the ad interim Prime Minister of Romania from 12 June to 15 June 2023,following the resignation of Nicolae Ciucă,having previously served from 6 February to 9 February 2012,following the resignation of Emil Boc. He had previously been the Minister of Justice of Romania since 29 February 2008.
Ludovic Orban is a Romanian engineer and politician who was the prime minister of Romania from November 2019 to December 2020. He was president of the National Liberal Party (PNL) between 2017 and 2021,which expelled him shortly after he lost a bid for another term as its leader. He was also minister of transport from April 2007 to December 2008 in the second Tăriceanu cabinet.
Radu Mircea Berceanu is a Romanian engineer and politician. A former member of the Democratic Liberal Party (PD-L),he was a member of the Romanian Chamber of Deputies for Dolj County from 1990 to 2004,and sat in the Romanian Senate from 2004 to 2012,representing the same county. In the Radu Vasile and Mugur Isărescu cabinets,he was Minister of Industry and Commerce from 1998 to 2000;in the first Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu cabinet,he was Minister of Transport,Construction and Tourism from 2006 to 2007;and in the Emil Boc cabinet,he was Minister of Transport and Infrastructure from December 2008 to September 2010. From October to December 2009,he was also acting Minister of Agriculture following the political crisis that led to the withdrawal of the Social Democratic Party from government.
Sorin Mihai Cîmpeanu is a Romanian politician who served as Minister of Education in CiucăCabinet. He had previously held the same position in Ponta IV and Cîțu cabinets,and,between 5 and 17 November 2015,acted as Prime Minister of Romania,after President Klaus Iohannis accepted Prime Minister Ponta's resignation. Klaus Iohannis's appointment of Sorin Cîmpeanu was just a stopgap measure until a new candidate for the post was selected.
Katalin Éva VeresnéNovák is a Hungarian politician who served as president of Hungary from 2022 to 2024. Elected at the age of 44,she was the first woman and youngest person ever to hold the post. Prior to her presidency,she had been a member of the National Assembly for Fidesz from 2018 to 2022,during which time she had also served as Minister for Family Affairs in the fourth Orbán government,from 2020 to 2021.
The First Orban cabinet was the government of Romania until 14 March 2020. It was a minority administration led by Ludovic Orban,the leader of the National Liberal Party (PNL),who received the support of a parliamentary majority on 4 November 2019 and entered office the same day. It included a confidence-and-supply agreement with the Save Romania Union (USR) and the Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR/RMDSZ),as well as other smaller parties.
Florin Vasile Cîțu is a Romanian politician who served as Prime Minister of Romania between December 2020 and November 2021. Sometimes labeled as Romania's first libertarian Prime Minister,he was also the leader of the National Liberal Party (PNL) between September 2021 and April 2022.
Violeta Alexandru is a Romanian politician. She served as Minister of Labour and Social Protection in the first Orban Cabinet led by Prime Minister Ludovic Orban. She also served in the same position in the second Orban Cabinet.
Nicolae Ionel Ciucă is a Romanian politician and retired general of the Romanian Land Forces who is serving as the president of the Senate of Romania. Ideologically a conservative,he served as Prime Minister of Romania between 25 November 2021 and 12 June 2023 after receiving widespread parliamentary support on behalf of his own party,the National Liberal Party (PNL) along with the Social Democratic Party (PSD) and the Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR/RMDSZ). Since 10 April 2022,he has also been serving as the president of the National Liberal Party (PNL). On 12 June 2023,he resigned as Prime Minister,being temporarily replaced by Cătălin Predoiu.
The Cîțu Cabinet was the 131st government of Romania,led by the national liberal (PNL) Prime Minister Florin Cîțu. It was removed from office after a motion of no confidence passed by the Parliament with a record of 281 votes,the largest number of votes on a motion of no confidence since the Romanian Revolution.
Lucian Bode is a Romanian politician who served as Minister of Internal Affairs in the Cîțu Cabinet from 2020 to 2023. He previously served as Minister for Transport,Information and Communications in the first cabinet and second cabinet led by Ludovic Orban. He is affiliated with the National Liberal Party (PNL).
A political crisis began on 1 September 2021 in Romania,engulfing both major coalition partners of the Cîțu Cabinet,namely the conservative-liberal National Liberal Party (PNL) and the progressive-liberal Save Romania Union (USR). The crisis also involved former prime minister Ludovic Orban (PNL),who was set to face Prime Minister Florin Cîțu (PNL) in a leadership election during the party congress on 25 September,with the latter eventually replacing the former. Orban would eventually resign from his position as President of the Chamber of Deputies,with him and his supporters subsequently splitting from the PNL,in order to form the Force of the Right (FD).
