Monuments relating to the Haymarket affair

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There are several monuments to commemorate the Haymarket affair.

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Haymarket Square, Chicago

Workers finish installing Gelert's statue of a Chicago policeman in Haymarket Square, 1889. The statue was destroyed by a bomb in 1969 and a replica now stands at the Chicago Police Headquarters. HaymarketPoliceMemorial.jpg
Workers finish installing Gelert's statue of a Chicago policeman in Haymarket Square, 1889. The statue was destroyed by a bomb in 1969 and a replica now stands at the Chicago Police Headquarters.
The original monument as seen in the busy Haymarket Square, circa 1905 Haymarket Square, Chicago Circa 1905 (front) (cropped).png
The original monument as seen in the busy Haymarket Square, circa 1905

In 1889, a commemorative nine-foot (2.7 meter) bronze statue of a Chicago policeman by sculptor Johannes Gelert was erected in the middle of Haymarket Square with private funds raised by the Union League Club of Chicago. [1] The statue was unveiled on May 30, 1889, by Frank Degan, the son of Officer Mathias Degan. [2] On May 4, 1927, the 41st anniversary of the Haymarket affair, a streetcar jumped its tracks and crashed into the monument. [3] The motorman said he was "sick of seeing that policeman with his arm raised". [3] The city restored the statue in 1928 and moved it to Union Park. [4] During the 1950s, construction of the Kennedy Expressway erased about half of the old, run-down market square area, and in 1956 the statue was moved to a special platform built for it overlooking the freeway, a few blocks from its original location. [4]

The Haymarket statue was vandalized with black paint on May 4, 1968, the 82nd anniversary of the Haymarket affair, following a confrontation between police and demonstrators at a protest against the Vietnam War. [5] On October 6, 1969, shortly before the "Days of Rage" protests, the statue was destroyed when a bomb was placed between its legs. Weatherman took credit for the blast, which broke nearly 100 windows in the neighborhood and scattered pieces of the statue onto the Kennedy Expressway below. [6] The statue was rebuilt and unveiled on May 4, 1970, and was blown up yet again by Weatherman on October 6, 1970. [5] [6] The statue was rebuilt, again, and Mayor Richard J. Daley posted a 24‑hour police guard at the statue [6] at a cost of US$67,440 per year. [7] In 1972, it was moved to the lobby of the Central Police Headquarters, and in 1976 to the enclosed courtyard of the Chicago police academy. [5] For another three decades the statue's empty, graffiti-marked pedestal stood on its platform sat in a run-down area overlooking the expressway, where it was known as an anarchist landmark. [5] On June 1, 2007, the statue was rededicated at Chicago Police Headquarters with a new pedestal, unveiled by Geraldine Doceka, Officer Mathias Degan's great-granddaughter. [2]

In 1992, the site of the speakers' wagon was marked by a bronze plaque set into the sidewalk, reading:

A decade of strife between labor and industry culminated here in a confrontation that resulted in the tragic death of both workers and policemen. On May 4, 1886, spectators at a labor rally had gathered around the mouth of Crane's Alley. A contingent of police approaching on Des Plaines Street were met by a bomb thrown from just south of the alley. The resultant trial of eight activists gained worldwide attention for the labor movement, and initiated the tradition of 'May Day' labor rallies in many cities.

Designated on March 25, 1992
Richard M. Daley, Mayor


Haymarket Martyrs' Monument

Haymarket Martyrs' Monument in Forest Home Cemetery Haymarket Martyr's Memorial.jpg
Haymarket Martyrs' Monument in Forest Home Cemetery

Following the Haymarket affair, trial and executions, the five dead defendants—George Engel, Adolph Fischer, Louis Lingg, Albert Parsons, and August Spies—were buried at the German Waldheim Cemetery (later merged with Forest Home Cemetery) in Forest Park, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago. When he died, defendant Oscar Neebe was buried at Waldheim, where there is also a memorial for the seventh defendant, Michael Schwab.

The Pioneer Aid and Support Association organized a subscription for a funeral monument. In 1893, the Haymarket Martyrs' Monument by sculptor Albert Weinert was raised at Waldheim. It consists of a 16-foot-high granite shaft capped by a carved triangular stone. There is a two step base, which also supports a monumental figure of a woman standing over the body of a fallen worker, both in bronze. It was dedicated on June 25, 1893, after a march from Chicago. The inscription on the steps read, "1887", the year of the executions. Also, there is a quote attributed to Spies, recorded just before his execution by hanging: "The day will come when our silence will be more powerful than the voice you are throttling today."

On the back of the monument are listed the names of the men. On the top of the monument, a bronze plaque contains text of the pardon later issued by Illinois governor John Peter Altgeld. [8]

The dedication ceremony was attended by 8,000, with union flags and the American flag draped on the monument. European unions and American organizations sent flowers to be placed. [8]

The Haymarket Martyrs' Monument was designated a National Historic Landmark by the United States Department of the Interior in 1997. [8]

The Haymarket Memorial

The monument Monument to 1886 Events in Haymarket Square - With Plaque from Iraqi Trade Unionists - Chicago - Illinois - USA.jpg
The monument
External image
Searchtool.svg "Haymarket Memorial", Mary Brogger
The marker under the Mary Brogger monument, vandalized Haymarket Memorial Plaque.jpg
The marker under the Mary Brogger monument, vandalized

Chicago labor supporters called for a park at the site of the Haymarket riot as early as 1985 in commemoration of its 100th anniversary. [9] Labor historians put a plaque at near the site in 1970 that was stolen soon after. [10]

In September 2004, Daley and union leaders—including the president of Chicago's police union—unveiled a monument by Chicago artist Mary Brogger, a fifteen-foot speakers' wagon sculpture echoing the wagon on which the labor leaders stood in Haymarket Square to champion the eight-hour day. [10] The 3,200-pound sculpture features a faceless human figure orating atop a wagon coming undone with additional faceless figures near or clutching the wagon. It sits on the site where a minister was giving a speech when the bomb went off. [11] The sculpture was temporarily relocated in 2016 to avoid damage during construction at nearby buildings. The new construction created a small pocket park between the statue and a new apartment building. [12]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">August Spies</span> American anarchist (1855–1887)

August Vincent Theodore Spies was an American upholsterer, radical labor activist, and newspaper editor. An anarchist, Spies was found guilty of conspiracy to commit murder following a bomb attack on police in an event remembered as the Haymarket affair. Spies was one of four who were executed in the aftermath of this event.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">George Engel</span> Labor union activist

George Engel was a labor union activist executed after the Haymarket riot, along with Albert Parsons, August Spies, and Adolph Fischer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Adolph Fischer</span> German-American anarchist (1858–1887)

Adolph Fischer was an anarchist and labor union activist tried and executed after the Haymarket Riot.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Michael Schwab</span> American anarchist (1853–1898)

Michael Schwab was a German-American labor organizer and one of the defendants in the Haymarket Square incident.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Forest Home Cemetery (Forest Park)</span> Cemetery in Forest Park, Illinois, US

Forest Home Cemetery is a cemetery located at 863 S. DesPlaines Ave, Forest Park, Illinois, adjacent to the Eisenhower Expressway, straddling the Des Plaines River in Cook County, just west of Chicago. The cemetery traces its history to two adjacent cemeteries, German Waldheim (1873) and Forest Home (1876), which merged in 1969.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Louis Lingg</span> American anarchist and trade union activist

Louis Lingg was a German-born American anarchist who was wrongfully convicted as a member of the criminal conspiracy behind the 1886 Haymarket Square bombing. Lingg was sentenced to die by hanging, but shortly before his execution, he committed suicide in his cell using an explosive. In 1893, Illinois Governor John Altgeld granted Lingg a posthumous pardon, stating that he and the other seven men who had been convicted were innocent of the charges.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Samuel Fielden</span> American anarchist (1847–1922)

Samuel "Sam" Fielden was an English-born American Methodist pastor, socialist, anarchist and labor activist who was one of eight convicted in the 1886 Haymarket bombing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Days of Rage</span> 1969 student activist demonstrations in Chicago, Illinois, USA

The Days of Rage were a series of protests during three days in October 1969 in Chicago, organized by the emerging Weatherman faction of Students for a Democratic Society (SDS).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">James A. Garfield Monument</span> Statue by John Quincy Adams Ward in Washington, D.C., U.S.

The James A. Garfield Monument stands on the grounds of the United States Capitol in the traffic circle at First Street and Maryland Avenue SW in Washington, D.C. It is a memorial to U.S. President James A. Garfield, who was elected in 1880 and assassinated in 1881 after serving only four months of his term. The perpetrator was an attorney and disgruntled office-seeker named Charles J. Guiteau. Garfield lived for several weeks after the shooting, but eventually succumbed to his injuries. The monument is part of a three-part sculptural group near the Capitol Reflecting Pool, including the Peace Monument and the Ulysses S. Grant Memorial in Union Square. The monument is also a contributing property to the National Mall and L'Enfant Plan, both of which are listed on the National Register of Historic Places and the District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites. The bronze statue rests on a granite pedestal that features three sculptures, each one representing a time period in Garfield's life.

<i>Haymarket Martyrs Monument</i> United States historic place

The Haymarket Martyrs' Monument is a funeral monument and sculpture located at Forest Home Cemetery in Forest Park, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago. Dedicated in 1893, it commemorates the defendants involved in labor unrest who were blamed, convicted, and executed for the still unsolved bombing during the Haymarket Affair (1886). The monument's bronze sculptural elements are by artist Albert Weinert. On February 18, 1997, the monument was designated a National Historic Landmark.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Memorials to William Shakespeare</span>

William Shakespeare has been commemorated in a number of different statues and memorials around the world, notably his funerary monument in Stratford-upon-Avon ; a statue in Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey, London, designed by William Kent and executed by Peter Scheemakers (1740); and a statue in New York's Central Park by John Quincy Adams Ward (1872).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haymarket affair</span> 1886 aftermath of a bombing in Chicago, US

The Haymarket affair, also known as the Haymarket massacre, the Haymarket riot, the Haymarket Square riot, or the Haymarket Incident, was the aftermath of a bombing that took place at a labor demonstration on May 4, 1886, at Haymarket Square in Chicago, Illinois, United States. The rally began peacefully in support of workers striking for an eight-hour work day, the day after the events at the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company, during which one person was killed and many workers injured. An unknown person threw a dynamite bomb at the police as they acted to disperse the meeting, and the bomb blast and ensuing retaliatory gunfire by the police caused the deaths of seven police officers and at least four civilians; dozens of others were wounded.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Luther Monument (Washington, D.C.)</span> Statue by Ernst Friedrich August Rietschel in Washington, D.C., U.S.

The Luther Monument is a public artwork located in front of Luther Place Memorial Church in Washington, D.C., United States. The monument to Martin Luther, the theologian and Protestant Reformer, is a bronze, full-length portrait. It is a copy of the statue created by Ernst Friedrich August Rietschel as part of the 1868 Luther Monument in Worms, Germany. The version in Washington, D.C., inspired the installation of many other castings across the U.S. The statue is a contributing property to the Luther Place Memorial Church's listing on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) and District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites (DCIHS). It is also a contributing property to the Greater Fourteenth Street Historic District, which is also listed on the NRHP and DCIHS.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Statue of Christopher Columbus (Chicago)</span>

Christopher Columbus is a bronze statue of Italian explorer and navigator Christopher Columbus. It was installed during 1933 in Chicago's Grant Park, in the U.S. state of Illinois. Created by the Milanese-born sculptor Carlo Brioschi, it was set on an exedra and pedestal designed with the help of architect Clarence H. Johnston. It was removed and put in storage in 2020.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Johannes Gelert</span> American sculptor

Johannes Sophus Gelert (1852–1923) was a Danish-born sculptor, who came to the United States in 1887 and during a span of more than thirty years produced numerous works of civic art in the Midwest and on the East Coast.

<i>107th Infantry Memorial</i> Sculpture in Manhattan, New York, U.S.

The 107th Infantry Memorial is an outdoor bronze sculpture and memorial located at the intersection of East 67th Street and Fifth Avenue in Central Park, in Manhattan, New York, United States, which honors members of the 107th Infantry who died during World War I. Created by the sculptor Karl Morningstar Illava (1896–1954), who "drew from his own experience serving as a sergeant with the 107th," according to the New York City Department of Parks & Recreation, the sculpture cost an estimated $60,000 at the time of its construction, depicts the actions of seven World War I-era soldiers, and rests on a 25-foot-wide stepped granite base designed by architects Rogers & Haneman.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thomas W. Talbot Monument</span>

The Thomas W. Talbot Monument is a public monument dedicated to Thomas W. Talbot in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. Located in Grant Park, the monument was dedicated in 1948 to Talbot, who had founded what is now the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers in the city in 1888.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haymarket Square (Chicago)</span> Urban square

Haymarket Square is a commercial area on the Near West Side of Chicago at Randolph Street and Des Plaines Street just east of Halsted Street, known primarily for the protest and bombing that occurred on May 4, 1886. It was a wide, busy commercial food produce market for much of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The square is a tourist destination, and is often a rally point for various unions and political groups and individuals.

References

  1. Adelman, Haymarket Revisited, pp. 38–39.
  2. 1 2 "Haymarket Statue Rededication Ceremony at Police Headquarters". Chicago Police Department weblog. Chicago Police Department. May 31, 2007. Archived from the original on December 18, 2007. Retrieved January 23, 2008.
  3. 1 2 Adelman, William J., "The True Story Behind the Haymarket Police Statue", in Roediger and Rosemont, eds., Haymarket Scrapbook, pp. 167–168.
  4. 1 2 Adelman, Haymarket Revisited, p. 39.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Adelman, Haymarket Revisited, p. 40.
  6. 1 2 3 Avrich, The Haymarket Tragedy , p. 431.
  7. Lampert, Nicholas. "Struggles at Haymarket: An Embattled History of Static Monuments and Public Interventions," 261
  8. 1 2 3 National Historic Landmark Nomination form, 1997 https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/97000343_text, Robin Bachin, Newberry Library.
  9. "100th Anniversary of Haymarket Riot Prompts Plea for a Park". Chicago Tribune . November 18, 1985. Archived from the original on May 7, 2024. Retrieved May 7, 2024.
  10. 1 2 Kinzer, Stephen (September 15, 2004). "In Chicago, an Ambiguous Memorial to the Haymarket Attack". New York Times. Archived from the original on May 28, 2015. Retrieved January 20, 2008.
  11. "Haymarket riot not forgotten". Chicago Tribune . September 15, 2004. Archived from the original on May 7, 2024. Retrieved May 7, 2024.
  12. Vivanco, Leonor (June 6, 2016). "Haymarket Memorial temporarily moved during apartment building construction". Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on May 7, 2024. Retrieved May 7, 2024.