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Zahir al-Umar al-Zaydani,alternatively spelled Daher al-Omar or Dahir al-Umar was the autonomous Arab ruler of northern Palestine in the mid-18th century,while the region was part of the Ottoman Empire. For much of his reign,starting in the 1730s,his domain mainly consisted of the Galilee,with successive headquarters in Tiberias,Deir Hanna and finally Acre,in 1750. He fortified Acre,and the city became the center of the cotton trade between Palestine and Europe. In the mid-1760s,he reestablished the port town of Haifa nearby.
Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzar was the Acre-based Ottoman governor of Sidon Eyalet from 1776 until his death in 1804 and the simultaneous governor of Damascus Eyalet in 1785–1786,1790–1795,1798–1799,and 1803–1804. A Bosniak of obscure origins,he began his military career in Egypt in the service of various mamluk officials,eventually becoming a chief enforcer and assassin for Ali Bey al-Kabir,Egypt's practical ruler. He gained the epithet of al-Jazzar for his deadly ambush on a group of Bedouin tribesmen in retaliation for the death of his master in a Bedouin raid. Al-Jazzar fell out with Ali Bey in 1768 after refusing to take part in the assassination of one of his former masters. He ultimately fled to Syria,where he was tasked with defending Beirut from a joint assault by the Russian Navy and Zahir al-Umar,the Acre-based ruler of northern Palestine. He eventually surrendered and entered Zahir's service before defecting from him and fleeing with stolen tax money.
As'ad Pasha al-Azm was the governor of Damascus under Ottoman rule from 1743 to his deposition in 1757. He was responsible for the construction of several architectural works in the city and other places in Syria.
Sulayman Pasha al-Azm was the governor of Sidon Eyalet (1727–33),Damascus Eyalet,and Egypt Eyalet (1739–40) under the Ottoman Empire. He belonged to the prominent Al-Azm family and was the uncle of As'ad Pasha al-Azm,who succeeded him as governor of Damascus,and Sa'deddin Pasha al-Azm,who also served as governor of Egypt.
The Tuqan clan is a prominent Palestinian and Jordanian political and business family. During the Ottoman era,they dominated the political and socio-economic spheres in Nablus and extended their influence to al-Salt. During that era,they were the only household that came close to establishing centralized rule over Jabal Nablus. Over the course of the 18th and 19th centuries the Tuqan family held the title of mutasallim of Nablus longer than any other local family.
Uthman Pasha al-Kurji,was the Ottoman governor (wali) of Damascus Eyalet between 1760 and 1771.
Muhammad Pasha al-Azm was the Ottoman governor of Sidon Eyalet (1763–1770) and Damascus Eyalet. He was a member of the prominent al-Azm family,the son of a former governor As'ad Pasha al-Azm.
Al-Zayadina were an Arab clan based in the Galilee. They were best known after one of their sheikhs (chiefs) Zahir al-Umar,who,through his tax farms,economic monopolies,popular support,and military strength ruled a semi-autonomous sheikhdom in northern Palestine and adjacent regions in the 18th century.
Yusuf Shihab (1748–1790) was the autonomous emir of Mount Lebanon between 1770 and 1789. He was the fifth consecutive member of the Shihab dynasty to govern Mount Lebanon.
Husayn Pasha ibn Makki served as the Ottoman wali of Damascus (1757) and Marash (1762),and the sanjak-bey of his native Gaza (1763–1765).
In the Battle of Lake Huleh on 2 September 1771,the rebel forces of Zahir al-Umar and Nasif al-Nassar routed the army of Uthman Pasha al-Kurji,the Ottoman governor of Damascus,at Lake Huleh in the eastern Galilee. Most of Uthman Pasha's 10,000-strong army drowned in the Jordan River as they attempted to flee Zahir's forces commanded by his son Ali al-Zahir. According to historian William Harris,the battle has been "mythologized in local historiography and poetry". Nonetheless,no official account of the battle by the Ottomans was recorded.
Çeteci Abdullah Pasha ibn Ibrahim al-Husayni al-Jarmaki was an Ottoman statesman. He served terms as the governor of Sivas,Diyarbekir,Rakka,Adana,Van,Erzurum,Kütahya,Aleppo and Damascus. Çeteci was born in 1703 in the village of Çermik,hence his surname "al-Jarmaki".
The 1757 Hajj caravan raid was the plunder and massacre of the Hajj caravan of 1757 on its return to Damascus from Mecca by Bedouin tribesmen. The caravan was under the protection of an Ottoman force led by the Wali of Damascus,Husayn Pasha,and his deputy Musa Pasha,while the Bedouin were led by Qa'dan al-Fayez of the Bani Sakher tribe. An estimated 20,000 pilgrims were either killed or died of hunger or thirst as a result of the raid.
Çerkes Küçük Osman Pasha,also known as Uthman Pasha Abu Tawq,was an Ottoman statesman. He served as the wali (governor) of the Sidon and Damascus eyalets (provinces) in the early 18th century.
Darwish Pasha al-Kurji was an Ottoman statesman who served as wali (governor) of Sidon in 1770–1771 and Damascus in 1783–1784. He was the son of Uthman Pasha al-Kurji,who was of Georgian origin.
Arslan Mehmed Mataraci Pasha,also Arslan Muhammad Pasha ibn al-Mataraji,was the wali of Tripoli in 1694–1700 and 1702–1703,Damascus in 1701 and Sidon in 1703–1704.
Mehmed Pasha Kurd Bayram-zade,also known as Çerkes Mehmed Pasha was an Ottoman statesman. He served as the district governor of Jerusalem,Gaza and Nablus in 1701–1703 and the provincial governor of Damascus in 1702–1703 and 1705–1706.
El-Assaad or Al As'ad is an Arab feudal political family/clan originally from Najd and a main branch of the Anizah tribe. Unrelated to Syrian or Palestinian Al-Assads,El-Assaad dynasty that ruled most of South Lebanon for three centuries and whose lineage defended fellow denizens of history's Jabal Amel principality –today southern Lebanon –for 36 generations,Balqa in Jordan,Nablus in Palestine,and Homs in Syria governed by Ottoman rule between generations throughout the Arab caliphate by Sheikh al Mashayekh Nasif Al-Nassar ibn Al-Waeli,Ottoman conquest under Shbib Pasha El Assaad,Ali Bek El Assaad ruler of Belad Bechara,Ali Nassrat Bek. Advisor of the Court and a Superior in the Ministry of Foreign affairs in the Ottoman Empire,Moustafa Nassar Bek El Assaad Supreme Court President of Lebanon and colonial French administration by Hassib Bek—also supreme court Judge and grand speaker at halls across the Levant. El-Assaads are considered now "Bakaweit",and are considered princes or heirs to the family's dynasty to some.
Kaplan Mataraci Pasha was the Ottoman governor of Sidon in 1698–1703.
Ibrahim Pasha al-Azm was the Ottoman governor of Tripoli in 1728–1730 and Sidon in 1737–1741 and 1742–1744.