Uthman Pasha al-Kurji | |
---|---|
Wali of Damascus | |
In office 1760 –October 1771 | |
Preceded by | Muhammad Pasha al-Shalik |
Succeeded by | Muhammad Pasha al-Azm |
Personal details | |
Nationality | Ottoman |
Children | Muhammad Darwish |
Uthman Pasha al-Kurji (also known as Uthman Pasha al-Sadiq,alternative spellings include Othman,Osman or Usman and al-Kurdji or Kurzi),was the Ottoman governor ( wali ) of Damascus Eyalet between 1760 and 1771. [1] [2]
Uthman had Georgian origins. [3] Prior to his appointment to the governorship of Damascus,Uthman Pasha was a mamluk (slave soldier) of Governor As'ad Pasha al-Azm and thus maintained close links with the powerful al-Azm family. [4] When As'ad Pasha was removed from his post by the Sublime Porte,he was succeeded by a number of short-term governors who were unable to halt the violence between the local forces and the Janissary garrison in the city. [1]
Uthman Pasha was appointed governor of Damascus Eyalet in 1761. He was nominated to this position as a reward for directing the Ottoman imperial authorities to As'ad Pasha's hidden stores of wealth. In addition to the governorship of Damascus,he was appointed beylerbey (governor-general) of the adjacent Tripoli Eyalet and awarded contracts for the districts of Hama and Homs. [3] His rule brought stability to the province and he lowered its inhabitants' taxes. [1]
As governor,one of Uthman Pasha's principal goals was to bring an end to the autonomous rule of Zahir al-Umar,who ruled the Galilee (largely part of Sidon Eyalet) and some of its neighboring regions. [4] al-Umar had previously clashed with the al-Azm governors of Damascus and Sidon and when he annexed the port city of Haifa in 1761,Uthman Pasha began making moves against Zahir. Uthman Pasha obtained an order from the Porte to officially annex Haifa to Damascus Eyalet and he dispatched a ship from Beirut with 30 soldiers and a French captain to take the port. Zahir,having had advance notice of this action,had the ship confiscated and its crew arrested. [5] [6] In 1764,Uthman launched an attack against the Jarrar family under their sheikh,Muhammad al-Jarrar,attacking their throne village of Sanur and the city of Nablus. Uthman's forces were defeated. [7] [8] [9]
Also in 1764,while Uthman was leading the annual Hajj pilgrimage,he had a violent confrontation with Ali Bey al-Kabir,an influential mamluk from Egypt. [10] When Ali Bey was exiled by the governor of Egypt to Gaza (part of Damascus Eyalet) in 1766,Uthman attempted to drive him out. [11] Uthman managed to have his son,Darwish Pasha,appointed as the governor of Sidon in November 1770 and sometime prior to that,had his other son,Muhammad Pasha,appointed as governor of Tripoli. [12] In 1771,Ali Bey,by now the rebellious governor of Egypt,had dispatched an army under commanders Abu al-Dahab and Ismail Bey to subdue Damascus. Together with Zahir,the combined armies of Egypt and Palestine defeated Uthman's army outside of Damascus and Uthman fled north to the city of Homs. The city fell shortly thereafter,although they did not capture the Citadel of Damascus,which was subsequently besieged. However,Abu al-Dahab suddenly withdrew from the area, [13] citing his fears of violating Islamic principles since seizing an Ottoman province was in effect a direct challenge to the authority of the Ottoman sultan,who held the highest religious honor as the caliph of Islam. [14]
In October 1771,Uthman was removed from governorship of Damascus and also was stripped of his control over the district of Maarrat al-Nu'man. He was succeeded by Muhammad Pasha al-Azm. [15] Uthman was transferred to the governorship of Konya and his sons Muhammad Pasha and Darwish Pasha were dismissed from their posts and subsequently assigned to the governorships of Mosul and Karaman,respectively. [16] Uthman succeeded in protecting the Hajj caravans for ten years as amir al-hajj and consistently attempted to end the autonomous rule of Zahir al-Umar,and thus his failure to defend Damascus from the Egyptian Mamluk army was the likely reason for his reassignment. [17] When Muhammad Pasha al-Azm died in 1783,he was succeeded by Uthman Pasha's son Muhammad Pasha and a year later by his other son Darwish Pasha. [18]
Zahir al-Umar al-Zaydani,alternatively spelled Daher al-Omar or Dahir al-Umar,was an Arab ruler of northern Palestine in the mid-18th century,while the region was part of the Ottoman Empire. For much of his reign,starting in the 1730s,his domain mainly consisted of the Galilee,with successive headquarters in Tiberias,Deir Hanna and finally Acre,in 1750. He fortified Acre,and the city became the center of the cotton trade between Palestine and Europe. In the mid-1760s,he reestablished the port town of Haifa nearby.
The Eyalet of Sidon was an eyalet of the Ottoman Empire. In the 19th century,the eyalet extended from the border with Egypt to the Bay of Kisrawan,including parts of modern Israel and Lebanon.
Ahmed Pasha al-Jazzar was the Acre-based Ottoman governor of Sidon Eyalet from 1776 until his death in 1804 and the simultaneous governor of Damascus Eyalet in 1785–1786,1790–1795,1798–1799,and 1803–1804. Having left his native Bosnia as a youth,he began a military career in Egypt in the service of mamluk officials,eventually becoming a chief enforcer and assassin for Ali Bey al-Kabir,Egypt's practical ruler. He gained the epithet of al-Jazzar for his deadly ambush on a group of Bedouin tribesmen in retaliation for the death of his first master in a Bedouin raid. Al-Jazzar fell out with Ali Bey in 1768 after refusing to take part in the assassination of another of his former masters. He ultimately fled to Syria,where he was tasked by the Ottomans with defending Beirut from a joint assault by the Russian Navy and Zahir al-Umar,the Acre-based ruler of northern Palestine. He eventually surrendered and entered Zahir's service before defecting from him and fleeing with stolen tax money.
As'ad Pasha al-Azm was the governor of Damascus under Ottoman rule from 1743 to his deposition in 1757. He was responsible for the construction of several architectural works in the city and other places in Syria.
Sulayman Pasha al-Azm was the governor of Sidon Eyalet (1727–33),Damascus Eyalet,and Egypt Eyalet (1739–40) under the Ottoman Empire. He belonged to the prominent Al-Azm family and was the uncle of As'ad Pasha al-Azm,who succeeded him as governor of Damascus,and Sa'deddin Pasha al-Azm,who also served as governor of Egypt.
Abdullah Pasha al-Azm was an Ottoman statesman who served as the governor of the Damascus Eyalet,Aleppo Eyalet (1794),Egypt Eyalet (1798),Adana Eyalet,and Rakka Eyalet (1809),before retiring to Hama in the 1810s. He was a member of the prominent political family,Al-Azm.
Muhammad Pasha al-Azm was the Ottoman governor of Sidon Eyalet (1763–1770) and Damascus Eyalet. He was a member of the prominent al-Azm family,the son of a former governor As'ad Pasha al-Azm.
Amir al-hajj was the position and title given to the commander of the annual Hajj pilgrim caravan by successive Muslim empires,from the 7th century until the 20th century. Since the Abbasid period,there were two main caravans,one departing from Damascus and the other from Cairo. Each of the two annual caravans was assigned an amir al-hajj whose main duties were securing funds and provisions for the caravan,and protecting it along the desert route to the Muslim holy cities of Mecca and Medina in the Hejaz.
Al-Zayadina were an Arab clan based in the Galilee. They were best known after one of their sheikhs (chiefs) Zahir al-Umar,who,through his tax farms,economic monopolies,popular support,and military strength ruled a semi-autonomous sheikhdom in northern Palestine and adjacent regions in the 18th century.
Yusuf Shihab (1748–1790) was the autonomous emir of Mount Lebanon between 1770 and 1789. He was the fifth consecutive member of the Shihab dynasty to govern Mount Lebanon.
Husayn Pasha ibn Makki served as the Ottoman wali of Damascus (1757) and Marash (1762),and the sanjak-bey of his native Gaza (1763–1765).
In the Battle of Lake Huleh on 2 September 1771,the rebel forces of Zahir al-Umar and Nasif al-Nassar routed the army of Uthman Pasha al-Kurji,the Ottoman governor of Damascus,at Lake Huleh in the eastern Galilee. Most of Uthman Pasha's 10,000-strong army drowned in the Jordan River as they attempted to flee Zahir's forces commanded by his son Ali al-Zahir. According to historian William Harris,the battle has been "mythologized in local historiography and poetry". Nonetheless,no official account of the battle by the Ottomans was recorded.
Sulayman Pasha al-Adil was the Ottoman governor of Sidon Eyalet between 1805 and 1819,ruling from his Acre headquarters. He also simultaneously served as governor of Damascus Eyalet between 1810 and 1812. He was a mamluk of his predecessor,Jazzar Pasha. His rule was associated with decentralization,a reduction of Acre's military,and limits to his predecessors' cotton monopoly. Moreover,he oversaw a policy of non-interference with his deputy governors,such as Muhammad Abu-Nabbut and Mustafa Agha Barbar,and diplomacy with the autonomous sheikhs of the various Levantine regions where he held authority,including Emir Bashir Shihab II and Musa Bey Tuqan. He exercised control over his domain largely through depending on the loyalty of his deputies,who also had been mamluks of Jazzar. In effect,Sulayman Pasha presided over the world's last functioning mamluk system.
The 1757 Hajj caravan raid was the plunder and massacre of the Hajj caravan of 1757 on its return to Damascus from Mecca by Bedouin tribesmen. The caravan was under the protection of an Ottoman force led by the Wali of Damascus,Husayn Pasha,and his deputy Musa Pasha,while the Bedouin were led by Qa'dan al-Fayez of the Bani Sakher tribe. An estimated 20,000 pilgrims were either killed or died of hunger or thirst as a result of the raid.
Abdullah Pasha ibn Ali was the Ottoman governor (wali) of Sidon Eyalet between May 1820 and May 1832,with a nine-month interruption in 1822–23. Like his predecessors Jazzar Pasha and Sulayman Pasha,Abdullah Pasha ruled from the port city of Acre. During his reign,all of Palestine and the Syrian coastline came under his jurisdiction. Among his major military victories was his survival of an imperial-backed siege of Acre in 1822 instigated by the Farhi family in retaliation for Abdullah's execution of his mentor Haim Farhi,the suppression of revolts in Mount Lebanon and Jerusalem in 1824 and 1826,respectively,and the 1831 capture of the Sanur fortress.
Çerkes Küçük Osman Pasha,also known as Uthman Pasha Abu Tawq,was an Ottoman statesman. He served as the wali (governor) of the Sidon and Damascus eyalets (provinces) in the early 18th century.
Darwish Pasha al-Kurji was an Ottoman statesman who served as wali (governor) of Sidon in 1770–1771 and Damascus in 1783–1784. He was the son of Uthman Pasha al-Kurji,who was of Georgian origin.
El-Assaad or Al As'ad is an Arab feudal political family who originated from Najd and is a main branch of the Anizah tribe. Unrelated to Syrian or Palestinian al-Assads,the El-Assaad dynasty that ruled most of South Lebanon for three centuries and whose lineage defended the local people of the Jabal Amel principality –today southern Lebanon –for 36 generations,they also held influence in Balqa in Jordan,Nablus in Palestine,and Homs in Syria during Ottomans rule.
The sieges of Tiberias occurred in late 1742 and the summer of 1743 when the Ottoman governor of Damascus,Sulayman Pasha al-Azm,twice attempted and failed to eliminate the increasingly powerful,Tiberias-based multazim,Zahir al-Umar,and destroy his fortifications.
Ibrahim Pasha al-Azm was the Ottoman governor of Tripoli in 1728–1730 and Sidon in 1737–1741 and 1742–1744.
uthman sadiq.
1764.