Mustapha Bouchelaghem | |
---|---|
مصطفى أبو الشلاغم | |
Bey of the Western Beylik | |
In office 1686–1734/37 | |
Appointed by | Mezzo Morto |
Preceded by | Shaaban Bey |
Succeeded by | Youcef Bey of Mascara |
Personal details | |
Born | Mustapha ben Youcef el-Mesrati 17th century Near Mascara,Algeria |
Died | 1734/1737 Mostaganem |
Resting place | Bouchelaghem mausoleum,near Mostaganem |
Citizenship | Regency of Algiers |
Military service | |
Years of service | 1686–1732 |
Battles/wars | |
Mustapha Bouchelaghem,also known as Bey Bouchelaghem was the Bey of the Western Beylik from 1686 to 1734/37.
Mustapha,born as Mustapha ben Youcef was the son of an Algerian Arabic man called Youcef el-Mesrati, [1] a noble from the Kalaa of Beni Rached, [2] and an Algerian woman. His father served as Khalifa (lieutenant-governor) [3] to the Bey of Constantine. He moved back to Mostaganem where he had 8 children,the first-born being Mustapha. Several of his siblings would also become Beys of Oran later on. [4]
His full name was Mustapha ben Youcef Ben Mohamed ben Ishaq el-Mesrati. [4] The name Bouchelaghem,and its Spanish version "El Bigotillos," was an epithet referring to his Moustache. [5] [6]
He was elected as Bey in 1686,after the previous bey Chaban-ez-Zenagui was killed in front of Oran. [7]
In 1701 he moved his capital to Mascara,and built a garrison there. The reason for this was its more central location. He worked hard to accumulate a large army mainly composed of thousands of Arab-Berber tribal levy.
In 1699 the Maghrebi war started,which was a conflict between Algiers and the other Barbary States. In the same year his territory was invaded by the Moroccans during the Mascara campaign led by one of Moulay Ismail’s sons,during which his palace was looted,however this campaign resulted in a peace negotiation which infuriated Moulay Ismail causing him to direct another attempted invasion. [8] [9] In 1701 with the help of Hajj Mustapha Dey,he decisively defeated the Moroccan armies in the Battle of Chelif. [10]
In 1707 he got into another conflict with the Moroccans as Mulay Ismael sought to once again take over Western Algeria,and he thus sent an expedition to do so. Bouchelaghem was able to push them back. [4]
In 1703 Spanish troops attacked the Beni Ameur tribe,which was loyal to Algiers,thus souring the relationship between the two countries. Following that,he started building his army up,in preparation for an offensive. He also ordered tribes around Oran to start harassing Spanish troops.His most important conquest though was that of Oran. In 1707,while Spain was preoccupied with the War of the Spanish Succession, [11] he with the help of Ouzoum Hassan a Commander directly from Algiers captured the fort of Saint-Philippe near Oran,thus beginning the siege. [12] After 6 months,Oran and Mers el Kébir fell to his hands. [4] [12]
He moved his capital to Oran, [4] which he made a base for Barbary pirates,and constructed a small fleet to protect the town.
In 1710 a revolution led by Baba Ali Chaouch happened in Algiers. The new king achieved de facto independence from the Ottoman Empire, [13] and he started purging unloyal elements. In the Beylik of Constantine alone 3 Beys were replaced in the same year. [14] Bey Bouchelaghem was not replaced,mainly thanks to his popularity and neutrality. During this period,he built the defences up,and invested in regional wealth.
In 1732, Spain invaded Oran and Mers el Kébir. After defeating the Algerian fleets protecting the city, they set foot on the shores of the city, and after a brutal siege, they captured Oran. [15]
Bey Bouchelaghem retreated to Mostaganem, and fell into depression after the loss of the city. In 1734 or 1737 (sources conflict) he passed away. He was succeeded by his brother. [4] He was Bey of Oran for 51 years, the longest reigning Bey. He is buried in his own mausoleum.
Oran is a major coastal city located in the northwest of Algeria. It is considered the second most important city of Algeria, after the capital, Algiers, because of its population and commercial, industrial and cultural importance. It is 432 km (268 mi) west-southwest from Algiers. The total population of the city was 803,329 in 2008, while the metropolitan area has a population of approximately 1,500,000, making it the second-largest city in Algeria.
The Spanish conquest of Oran and Mers el-Kebir took place from 15 June to 2 July 1732, between the Kingdom of Spain and the Deylik of Algiers. The great Spanish expedition led by Don José Carrillo de Albornoz, Duke of Montemar and Don Francisco Javier Cornejo defeated the Algerian troops under the command of the Bey of the Beylik of Oran, Mustapha Bouchelaghem, and the Wali of Oran, Hassan. It successfully conquered the fortress-cities of Oran and Mers el-Kebir, ruled and administered by Algiers from 1708, during the War of the Spanish Succession, when both cities were conquered by the aforementioned Bouchelaghem, who was the governor of the western regions of Algiers.
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Baba Mohammed ben-Osman or Muhammad V ben Osman was Dey of the Deylik of Algiers from 1766 to 1791. The adoptive father of Baba Hassan Pacha and the grandfather of Mustapha Pacha. Under his rule he declared war against Denmark-Norway because he demanded that an annual payment to stave off piracy by Denmark-Norway should be increased, and he should receive new gifts. Denmark-Norway refused the demands, beginning the Danish-Algerian War. He also declared war against the United States in 1785 and captured several American ships. The war ended in 1795 when the U.S concluded a treaty with his successor that paid $21,600 annually to Algiers.
The Battle of Chelif or Battle of Djidouia took place on 28 April 1701 on the banks of the Chelif River. It was fought between the armies of the Alaouite Sultan Ismail Ibn Sharif and those of the Regency of Algiers commanded by the Bey of Mascara, Mustapha Bouchelaghem. It took place in the context of an attempt by the Alaouites to conquer the west of the Regency of Algiers, coordinated with an offensive by Tunis on the east of the Regency of Algiers in 1700 and 1701.
Mustapha ibn Muhieddine, known as Emir Mustapha, Sidi Moustafa, Moustafa El Hassani El Djazairi, was an Algerian religious and military leader who led a struggle against the French colonial invasion in the mid-19th century with his brother, Emir Abdelkader.
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The Maghrebi war (1699–1702) was a conflict involving a Tunisian, Tripolitanian, and Moroccan coalition, and the Deylik of Algiers. It was an important milestone in the further weakening of the already fragile Ottoman grip over the Maghreb, as both sides utterly ignored the Ottoman sultan's pleas to sign a peace treaty. This war also led to the renewal of the Muradid infighting, which would later lead to the establishment of the Beylik of Tunis, and the Husainid dynasty in 1705.
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