Muttaraiyan (title)

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Muttaraiyan was a title used by various officials in the Chola government during the medieval period. It should not be confused with the Muthuraja caste and has been borne by persons from various communities. For example, there was one Virarajendra Brahmadhiraya Muttaraiyan and Vikramasola Brahmadiraya Muttaraiyan who were feudatories of Kulothunga Chola III. These two vassals were not Muthuraja chiefs as the word Brahmadiraya meant Brahmin chiefs only. [1]

Muthuraja also known as Kudiyaanavar and Ambalakarar is a Tamil and Telugu speaking community prevalent in southern India. They are also found in Telangana region and Andhra Pradesh They were historically zamindars and landlords. Their primary occupation is agriculture and trade. The Muthuraja people are the descendants of the Muttaraiyar line of kings who ruled the districts of Trichy, Thanjavur and Pudukottai between the sixth and the ninth century. The Muthuraja people are spread throughout rural area around Trichy region. The community is mostly distributed in the Tiruchirappalli, Pudukkottai, Tanjore, Karur, Namakkal and Perambalur districts of Tamil Nadu.

Kulothunga Chola III King of the Chola empire

Kulothunga Chola III also known as a Chakravarti was the ruler of the Chola empire from 1178 to 1218 CE, after succeeding Rajadhiraja Chola II. Kulothunga Chola III gained success in war against his traditional foes. He gained victories in war against the Hoysalas, Pandyas of Madurai, Cheras of Venad, the Sinhala kings of Eelam (Ceylon), as well as the Chodas of Velanadu and Nellore. He also restored Chola control over Karur, which were ruled by the Adigaman chiefs as vassals of the Cholas. He drove out the Hoysalas under Veera Ballala II who had made inroads in the Gangavadi and adjoining areas of Tagadur in Kongu country in an effort expand their territory. However, during the last two years of his reign, he lost in war to the resurgent Pandyas, heralded a period of steady decline and ultimately, demise of the Cholas by 1280 CE.

There was another Brahmadiraya Muttaraiyan who was the elder brother of VānaVidyadhara-nādālvan during the time of Kulottunga II. The latter had built a temple called Kulottunga Choleeswara. [2]

During the reign of Rajaraja Chola III around 1243 AD, there was an officer called Mallan Sivan alias Brahmadaraya Muttaraiyan, referred to as pillai (son). He was the holder of the royal fief (arasukuru) and the governor of Urattur-nadu. [3]

Rajaraja III Chola king

Rajaraja Chola III succeeded Kulothunga Chola III on the Chola throne in July 1216 CE. Rajaraja came to the throne of a kingdom much reduced in size as well as influence. With the rise of the Pandya power in the south, the Cholas had lost most of their control of the territories south of the river Kaveri and their hold on the Vengi territories in the north was slipping with the emergence of the Hoysala power.

During the reign of Rajaraja Chola I, the head of the elephant corps was Srutiman Nakkan Chandiran alias Rajamalla Muttaraiyan. The officer was martyred in the fight with Irivabedanga Satyasraya when he tried piercing the enemy's elephant as per the order of prince Rajendra Chola I. [4] [5]

Satyashraya, also known as Sattiga or Irivabedanga, was a king of the Western Chalukya Empire. During a time of consolidation of the empire in the early 11th century, Satyashraya was involved in several battles with the Chola dynasty of Thanjavur, the Paramara dynasty and Chedi Kingdom of central India, and the Chaulukyas of Gujarat. The results of these wars were mixed, with victories and defeats. Even as a prince, during the rule of his father Tailapa II, Satyashraya had established himself as an ambitious warrior. Satyashraya patronised the great Kannada poet Ranna who compared his patron favourably to the Pandava prince Bhima for his strength and valor in his epic poem Sahasabhimavijaya. Satyashraya held such titles as Akalavarsha, Akalankacharita and Sahasabhima.

Rajendra Chola I Ruler of the tamil Chola Empire

Rajendra Chola I or Rajendra I was a Chola emperor of South India who succeeded his father Rajaraja Chola I to the throne in 1014 CE. During his reign, he extended the influence of the Chola empire to the banks of the river Ganga in North India and across the Indian ocean to the West and South East Asia, making the Chola Empire one of the most powerful maritime empires of India. Rajendra’s conquests included Sri Lanka, Maldives, and he successfully invaded the territories of Srivijaya in Malaysia, Southern Thailand and Indonesia in South East Asia. The Cholas exacted tribute from Thailand and the Khmer kingdom of Cambodia. He defeated Mahipala, the Pala king of Gauda in present day Bengal and Bihar, and to commemorate his victory he assumed the title of Gangaikondachola literally the Chola who conquered the Ganga and built a new capital city called Gangaikonda Cholapuram.

The title was also borne by a Bana chieftain and feudatory of Nrpatunga Pallava, called as Paranjaya Kadupatti Muttaraiyan and described as a descendant of Balikula. The latter was the Vjnapti(executor) of the Chirrur plates of Nrpatunga. [6] [7]

The Banas were a dynasty of South India, who claimed descent from the asura Mahabali. The dynasty takes its name from Bana, the son of Mahabali. The Banas faced opposition from several neighbouring dynasties and served some major dynasties such as the Cholas and Pandyas as feudatories, sometimes after they were subjugated by them. They also served as Samantas to some dynasties such as Chalukyas. The Banas had their capital at various places at different times, including Kolar and Gudimallam. The earliest mention of the Banas in authentic historical records is in the middle of the fourth century AD, and as the feudatories of the Satavahana and early Pallavas. The Banas were a native Kannada ruling dynasty.

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References

  1. ↑ M. S. Govindasamy. The role of feudatories in later Chōḷa history. Annamalai University, 1979 - Chola (Indic people) - 325 pages. p. 263.
  2. ↑ Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta Sastri. The Cōḷas, Volume 2, Issue 2. University of Madras, 1937 - Chola (Indic people). p. 643.
  3. ↑ S. Sankaranarayanan, S. S. Ramachandra Murthy, B. Rajendra Prasad, D. Kiran Kranth Choudary. Śāṅkaram: recent researches on Indian culture : Professor Srinivasa Sankaranarayanan festchrift. Harman Pub. House, 2000. p. 119.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ↑ Mythic Society (Bangalore, India). The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society (Bangalore, India)., Volume 85. The Society, 1994. p. 70.
  5. ↑ Ramesh Chandra Majumdar, Achut Dattatrya Pusalker, A. K. Majumdar, Dilip Kumar Ghose, Vishvanath Govind Dighe, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. The History and Culture of the Indian People: The struggle for empire.-2d ed, Volume 5 of The History and Culture of the Indian People, Achut Dattatrya Pusalker. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1966. p. 165.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ↑ History Of Ancient India (portraits Of A Nation), By Kapur, Kamlesh, p.613
  7. ↑ Irāmaccantiran̲ Nākacāmi, Tamil Nadu (India). Dept. of Archaeology. Thiruttani and Velanjeri copper plates. State Dept. of Archaeology, Govt. of Tamil Nadu, 1979 - History - 34 pages. p. 10.


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