NASA Human Exploration Rover Challenge

Last updated
Students traverse a simulated crater in a moonbuggy they designed and built themselves. 2012 Moonbuggy Race Purdue University in crater vignetted cropped.jpg
Students traverse a simulated crater in a moonbuggy they designed and built themselves.

The NASA Human Exploration Rover Challenge, prior to 2014 referred to as the Great Moonbuggy Race, is an annual competition for high school and college students to design, build, and race human-powered, collapsible vehicles over simulated lunar/Martian terrain. NASA sponsors the competition, first held in 1994, and, since 1996, the U.S. Space & Rocket Center hosts. [1] [2]

Contents

Students created vehicles dubbed "moonbuggies" to face challenges similar to those engineers at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center addressed in preparation for Apollo 15. On that mission, on July 31, 1971, the first Lunar Roving Vehicle extended the range of astronauts on the Moon to allow for further exploration than was otherwise possible. Two other rovers were sent to the Moon on subsequent missions. [1]

With the 2014 changes in the contest, the motivation changed to mimicking design challenges faced by engineers designing rovers for future exploration missions to a variety of celestial bodies. [2]

The first two events were held at the original track used for testing lunar rover candidates. Here, the team from Puerto Rico navigates boulders. 1994 Moonbuggy Race Puerto Rico over boulders.jpg
The first two events were held at the original track used for testing lunar rover candidates. Here, the team from Puerto Rico navigates boulders.

The first race, in 1994, was held on July 16, the 25th anniversary of the Apollo 11 launch. It featured six college teams who competed on the same course as had been used to test the lunar rovers previously. The University of New Hampshire finished first, in 18 minutes 55 seconds for the 1.4-mile (2.3 km) course with twelve obstacles. The prize was a trip for six team members to see a Space Shuttle launch. Other teams from the University of Puerto Rico at Humacao, Texas A & M University, the University of Alabama in Huntsville, Georgia Institute of Technology and Indiana University/Purdue University at Indianapolis participated. [3]

Subsequent races have been held in April. In 1996, the competition was moved to a .75-mile (1.21 km) course at the U.S. Space & Rocket Center; high school teams also began competing.

Rules

The rules change year by year, but are largely summarized thus: [4] [5]

Course

Since 1996, the course winds through the rocket park at the U.S. Space & Rocket Center in Huntsville, Alabama. This map shows the 2012 course. 2012 Great Moonbuggy Race Course Map.png
Since 1996, the course winds through the rocket park at the U.S. Space & Rocket Center in Huntsville, Alabama. This map shows the 2012 course.

The course is designed to test rovers for stability over varying simulated lunar or extraterrestrial terrain—bumpy, sloped, and rocky—including some tight turns. [7] The first course was the actual track used by Mobility Test Articles, auditioning versions of Lunar Roving Vehicles that were used on the Moon. For the third race the course was moved a few miles, to the U.S. Space & Rocket Center. There, the track has taken varying paths through the rocket park and around the permanent lunar crater feature at the museum. Each year, the obstacles change slightly. [1]

An obstacle for the 2013 contest awaits final preparations. Tires form small craters and gravel substitutes for Moon surface material. 2013 Great Moonbuggy Race obstacle preparation.jpg
An obstacle for the 2013 contest awaits final preparations. Tires form small craters and gravel substitutes for Moon surface material.

The obstacles are constructed of discarded tires, plywood, some 20 tons of gravel and five tons of sand, all to simulate lunar craters, basins, and rilles. [7] The contest is challenging: in 2009, 29 of 68 teams competing did not complete the race. [8] Sometimes the placement of the obstacle is an issue, with some teams hitting obstacles too fast after a downhill stint. [9]

Before students tackle the race course, their vehicles must pass inspection. At the team's start time, the two riding students must carry the buggy, collapsed to fit in a 5-foot (1.5 m) cube (pre-2014 a 4-foot (1.2 m) cube), for 20 feet (6.1 m), then expand the rover and ride it across the obstacles and along the track, avoiding cones marking the edges of the course, bales of hay, and other obstructions, while successfully navigating the modest hills of the terrain and obstacles. After the race, another inspection assesses the condition of the vehicle, with time penalties if parts are missing. [4]

Contestants

Contestants are high school and university students largely from the United States, including Puerto Rico. Teams have also come from Canada, Mexico, India, Germany, and Romania to participate. [7] [10]

Awards

Numerous awards are offered each year, some with significant prizes. First place college winners have received trips to Shuttle launches and cash prizes, while others have received weekends at Space Camp. In 2009, there were 11 categories for special recognition with 19 recipients thereof. Consistent from the beginning have been awards for fastest time and for best design. Other awards acknowledge simplicity of design, safety, tenacity, team spirit, improvement over previous years' entries, and exceptional new entries. [11]

Winners

This list gives winners for time(t) and design(d) awards which have been consistently offered since the start. Awards were often also given for other categories but they are not included here in the interest of readability.

Students from Graff Career Center, Springfield, Missouri. navigate the 360deg turn around the permanent crater feature at the U.S. Space & Rocket Center in 1999. Graff Career Center Navigates Crater in the Great Moonbuggy Race 1999.jpg
Students from Graff Career Center, Springfield, Missouri. navigate the 360° turn around the permanent crater feature at the U.S. Space & Rocket Center in 1999.
The Cornell #2 team competes in the 2002 race. Cornell No. 2 Great Moonbuggy Race 2002.jpg
The Cornell #2 team competes in the 2002 race.
North Dakota State University students enter an obstacle on the course in 2003. NDSU Moonbuggy Race 2003.jpg
North Dakota State University students enter an obstacle on the course in 2003.
YearHigh SchoolCollegeRemarks
1994noneUniversity of New Hampshiret
University of Puerto Rico at Humacao d		Original test track, 1.4 miles, rain [3]
1995noneGeorgia Institute of Technologyt
University of Alabama in Huntsvilled		Original test track [12]
1996 Bob Jones High School tdUniversity of Alabama in Huntsvillet
Arizona State University d		First at USSRC, 3⁄4-mile (1.2 km) track [13]
1997 Monterey High School (Louisiana) td University of California at Santa Barbara td1⁄2-mile (0.80 km) track [14] [15]
1998Monterey High Schoolt
Autauga County Vocational Center d		 College of New Jersey t
Arizona State Universityd		Rain [16] [17]
1999 Graff Career Center td Pittsburg State University team 4t
College of New Jerseyd		 [18]
2000Pittsburg High School, Kansast
Orleans Parish Area Schools d		College of New Jerseyt
South Dakota State University d		First two-day contest [19] [20]
2001Graff Career Centert
Lafayette County High School (Missouri) team 1d		Pittsburg State University team 2t
University of New Hampshire d		 [21]
2002Lafayette County High School in Higginsville, Mo.t
New Orleans Area Schools team 2d		Cornell Universityt
College of New Jerseyd		 [22]
2003Lafayette County (Mo.) C-1 High School Team No. 2t North Dakota State University t [23]
2004New Orleans Area High SchoolsNorth Dakota State Universityt [24]
2005 Madison County Career Academy team 1t Utah State University t [25] [26]
2006 Huntsville Center for Technology tPittsburg State Universityt [27]
2007Huntsville Center for TechnologytRochester Institute of Technologyt [28]
2008 Erie High School (Kansas) Team 2t
Erie High School Team 1d		University of Evansvillet
Pittsburg State Universityd		 [29] [30] [31]
2009tie Erie High School (Kansas)t
tie Huntsville Center for Technology Team 2t
Tudor Vianu National High School of Computer Science d		 Rochester Institute of Technology t
Tennessee Technological University d		0.7 miles (1.1 km) course [8] [10] [11] [32] [33]
2010 International Space Education Institute of Leipzig t
Teodoro Aguilar Mora Vocational High School Team 2d		The University of Puerto Rico at Humacaot
University of Alabama in Huntsvilled		 [9] [34]
2011Teodoro Aguilar Mora Vocational High School Team 2tUniversity of Puerto Rico in HumacaotUPRH is the only contestant to enter in every race thus far. [35]
2012 Petra Mercado High School t
Colegio Nuestra Señora del Perpetuo Socorro-Humacao d		University of Alabama in Huntsvillet
International Space Education Institute Team Russia in Moscowd		 [36]
2013Teodoro Aguilar Mora Vocational High Schoolt
Academy of Arts, Careers and Technology d		University of Puerto Rico at Humacaot
Southern Illinois University d		There was some concern that the race might be called off due to sequestration, but NASA Associate Administrator for Education, Leland D. Melvin specifically exempted the event. [37] [38] [39]
2014Academy of Arts, Careers and TechnologytdUniversity of Puerto Rico at Humacao Team 2t
Middle Tennessee State University – Team 2d		First "Human Exploration Rover Challenge," harder course, non-pneumatic wheels [40] [41]
2015University Gardens High School of San Juan, Puerto Ricot
Parish Episcopal School of Dallas, Texasd		International Space Education Institute Team Russia of Moscowt
Auburn University of Auburn, Alabamad		 [42]
2016 Purdue University Calumet – Team 1t
Purdue University Calumet – Team 2d		Rafaelina E. Lebron Flores of Patillas, Puerto Ricot
Colegio Nuestra Senora del Perpetuo Socorro of Humacaod		This was the first year for teams to design their own wheels. The 2016 contest also added four sample collections of liquid, pebbles, large rocks, and soil. [43]
2018Buckhorn High SchoolfUniversity of Alabama in Huntsville - Team 1This was the first year the competition included a points system. Points were awarded for the weight of the buggies as well as obstacles and missions completed around the course. Teams were given 6 minutes to complete tasks, and the 7th minute to reach the finish line. [44]
2021Parish Episcopal School Team 1Universidad Nacional de ColombiaOn-Site activities cancelled due to COVID-19. [45] Overall winners decided by design, documentation, and presentation categories. [46]

tFirst place for time
dBest design award
fFeatherweight award

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lunar Roving Vehicle</span> Vehicle driven by astronauts on the Moon (1971–72)

The Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) is a battery-powered four-wheeled rover used on the Moon in the last three missions of the American Apollo program during 1971 and 1972. It is popularly called the Moon buggy, a play on the term "dune buggy".

<i>Luna 17</i> 1970 Soviet uncrewed lunar mission

LOK Luna 17 was an uncrewed space mission of the Luna program, also called Lunik 17. It deployed the first robotic rover onto the surface of the Moon.

The Centennial Challenges are NASA space competition inducement prize contests for non-government-funded technological achievements by American teams.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">U.S. Space & Rocket Center</span> Science museum in Huntsville, Alabama

The U.S. Space & Rocket Center in Huntsville, Alabama is a museum operated by the government of Alabama, showcasing rockets, achievements, and artifacts of the U.S. space program. Sometimes billed as "Earth's largest space museum", astronaut Owen Garriott described the place as, "a great way to learn about space in a town that has embraced the space program from the very beginning."

The International Space Development Conference (ISDC) is the annual conference of the National Space Society (NSS). Now in its 41st year, these conferences connect the general public and the NSS membership with leaders of contemporary space efforts. The ISDC provides a nexus for industry, government, scientists, advocates, and the public to meet and discuss the latest issues in space technology, science, policy, commerce, medicine, exploration, settlement and much more. Winners of the annual NASA space settlement Contest annually attend the conference, with several interesting activities and programs. With National Space Society's major goal being to accelerate the process of space exploration and development they also foster astronautics for students by encouraging them and getting them involved.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Exploration of the Moon</span> Missions to the Moon

The physical exploration of the Moon began when Luna 2, a space probe launched by the Soviet Union, made an impact on the surface of the Moon on September 14, 1959. Prior to that the only available means of exploration had been observation from Earth. The invention of the optical telescope brought about the first leap in the quality of lunar observations. Galileo Galilei is generally credited as the first person to use a telescope for astronomical purposes; having made his own telescope in 1609, the mountains and craters on the lunar surface were among his first observations using it.

This is a timeline of space exploration which includes notable achievements, first accomplishments and milestones in humanity's exploration of outer space.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NASA lunar outpost concepts</span> Concepts for extended human presence on the Moon

NASA proposed several concept moonbases for achieving a permanent presence of humans on the Moon since the late 1950s. Research and exploration of the Moon has been a large focus of the organization since the Apollo program. NASA's peak budget was in 1964-1965, when it comprised 4% of all federal spending in service of the Apollo Moon landing project. Though lunar landings ever since the conclusion of the Apollo program in 1972 have ceased, interest in establishing a permanent habitation on the lunar surface or beyond low Earth orbit has remained steady. Recently, renewed interest in lunar landing has led to increased funding and project planning. NASA requested an increase in the 2020 budget of $1.6 billion, in order to make another crewed mission to the Moon under the Artemis program by 2025, followed by a sustained presence on the Moon by 2028. A crew was selected for the planned crewed mission, Artemis II, in April of 2023.

A space competition is an inducement prize contest offering a prize to be given to the first competitor who demonstrates a space vehicle, or a space exploration apparatus, which meets a set of pre-established criteria. It spurs pioneering development in private spaceflight.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rover (space exploration)</span> Space exploration vehicle designed to move across the surface of a planet or other celestial body

A rover is a planetary surface exploration device designed to move over the rough surface of a planet or other planetary mass celestial bodies. Some rovers have been designed as land vehicles to transport members of a human spaceflight crew; others have been partially or fully autonomous robots. Rovers are typically created to land on another planet via a lander-style spacecraft, tasked to collect information about the terrain, and to take crust samples such as dust, soil, rocks, and even liquids. They are essential tools in space exploration.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Desert Research and Technology Studies</span> Field trials of technologies for manned planetary exploration

NASA's Desert Research and Technology Studies is a group of teams which perform an annual series of field trials seeking to demonstrate and test candidate technologies and systems for human exploration of the surface of the Moon, Mars, or other rocky bodies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Astrobotic Technology</span> American space robotics company

Astrobotic Technology is an American private company that is developing space robotics technology for lunar and planetary missions. It was founded in 2007 by Carnegie Mellon professor Red Whittaker and his associates with the goal of winning the Google Lunar X Prize. The company is based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Their first launch occurred on January 8, 2024, carrying the company's Peregrine lunar lander on board the first flight of the Vulcan Centaur Rocket from Florida's Space Force Station LC-41. On June 11, 2020, Astrobotic received a second contract for the Commercial Lunar Payload Services program. NASA will pay Astrobotic US$199.5 million to take the VIPER rover to the Moon, targeting a landing in November 2024.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</span> NASA robotic spacecraft orbiting the Moon

The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) is a NASA robotic spacecraft currently orbiting the Moon in an eccentric polar mapping orbit. Data collected by LRO have been described as essential for planning NASA's future human and robotic missions to the Moon. Its detailed mapping program is identifying safe landing sites, locating potential resources on the Moon, characterizing the radiation environment, and demonstrating new technologies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alexander Kemurdzhian</span> Soviet aerospace engineer

Aleksandr Leonovich Kemurdzhian was Russian engineer of Armenian descent in the former Soviet space program who worked at the VNIITransmash institute for the most of the second half of the 20th century. He is best known for designing the metal chases for Lunokhod 1— the first ever planetary rover for space exploration in the Soviet space program.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Space Exploration Vehicle</span> Conceptual design for pressurized spacecraft

The Space Exploration Vehicle (SEV) is a modular vehicle concept developed by NASA from 2008 to 2015. It would have consisted of a pressurized cabin that could be mated either with a wheeled chassis to form a rover for planetary surface exploration or to a flying platform for open space missions such as servicing satellites and missions to near-Earth asteroids. The concept evolved from the Lunar Electric Rover (LER) concept, which in turn was a development of the Small Pressurized Rover (SPR) concept.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lunar rover</span> Vehicle that travels on the Moons surface

A lunar rover or Moon rover is a space exploration vehicle designed to move across the surface of the Moon. The Apollo Program's Lunar Roving Vehicle was driven on the Moon by members of three American crews, Apollo 15, 16, and 17. Other rovers have been partially or fully autonomous robots, such as the Soviet Union's Lunokhods, Chinese Yutus, and the Indian Pragyan. Four countries have had operating rovers on the Moon: the Soviet Union, the United States, China and India.

The Rocket City Space Pioneers (RCSP) was one of 29 teams from 17 different countries officially registered and in the competition for the Google Lunar X PRIZE (GLXP) during 2010–2012.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Barbara Cohen (scientist)</span> American planetary scientist

Barbara Cohen is a planetary scientist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. The asteroid 6816 Barbcohen is named after her.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Artemis program</span> NASA-led lunar exploration program

The Artemis program is a Moon exploration program that is led by the United States' NASA and formally established in 2017 via Space Policy Directive 1. The Artemis program is intended to reestablish a human presence on the Moon for the first time since Apollo 17 in 1972. The program's stated long-term goal is to establish a permanent base on the Moon to facilitate human missions to Mars.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lunar Terrain Vehicle</span> Planned lunar rover

The Lunar Terrain Vehicle (LTV) is an unpressurized rover being developed by NASA that astronauts can drive on the Moon while wearing their spacesuits. The development of the LTV is a part of NASA's Artemis Program which involves returning astronauts to the Moon, specifically the lunar south pole, by 2025, but the LTV will not fly until Artemis V in 2029 at the earliest. The LTV will be the first crewed lunar rover developed by NASA since the Lunar Roving Vehicle used during the Apollo program.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Official NASA Great Moonbuggy Race Fact Sheet" (PDF). NASA. p. 4. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
  2. 1 2 "About NASA Human Exploration Rover Challenge". Archived from the original on April 11, 2014. Retrieved April 11, 2014.
  3. 1 2 "Moon Buggy Race was Wheeling Task for Students". Marshall Star. July 20, 1994.
  4. 1 2 "Moonbuggy Rules and Penalties". NASA. Archived from the original on 2013-02-15. Retrieved April 6, 2013.
  5. 1 2 3 4 "Rover Challenge Rules". NASA. Archived from the original on 2014-04-11. Retrieved April 11, 2014.
  6. 1 2 3 "NASA's Great Moonbuggy Race". Time.com. Time. 2010. Archived from the original on April 15, 2010. Retrieved 2013-04-07.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Greenemeier, Larry (April 3, 2009). "Slide Show: Students Gear Up for NASA's Annual Moon Buggy Race". Scientific American. Retrieved 2013-04-07.
  8. 1 2 Skillings, Jonathan (April 6, 2009). "Photos: NASA's moonbuggy stakes". CNet. p. 19. Retrieved 2013-04-07.
  9. 1 2 Marshall, Mike (April 11, 2010). "Moonbuggy challenge grows". al.com. Huntsville Times. Retrieved 2013-04-07.
  10. 1 2 Cumbow, Victoria (April 3, 2009). "Moon buggy races today". al.com. Huntsville Times. Retrieved 2013-04-07.
  11. 1 2 Storey, Angela (April 4, 2009). "NASA Names 16th Annual Great Moonbuggy Race Winners". NASA. Retrieved 2013-04-07.
  12. ↑ "Modern Moon Buggies Race Over Historic Terrain". Marshall Star. April 26, 1995.
  13. ↑ "Local Schools Win Great Moon Buggy Race". Marshall Star. April 24, 1996.
  14. ↑ Berg, Jerry (April 17, 1997). "Great Moon Buggy Race". NASA. Archived from the original on January 9, 2000. Retrieved April 6, 2013.
  15. ↑ Berg, Jerry (April 21, 1997). "Great Moon Buggy Race Winners". NASA. Archived from the original on January 9, 2000. Retrieved April 6, 2013.
  16. ↑ Berg, Jerry (April 18, 1998). "Monterey High School Celebrates Victory Following 5th Annual Great Moon Buggy Race". NASA. Archived from the original on November 21, 2000. Retrieved 2013-04-06.
  17. ↑ Berg, Jerry (April 20, 1998). "New Jersey and Louisiana Schools Celebrate Victory Following 5th Annual Great Moon Buggy Race". NASA. Archived from the original on September 2, 2000. Retrieved April 6, 2013.
  18. ↑ Berg, Jerry (April 17, 1999). "Kansas College and Missouri High School Are Winners In 6th Annual 'Great Moonbuggy Race'". NASA. Archived from the original on August 24, 2000. Retrieved 2013-04-06.
  19. ↑ Berg, Jerry (April 7, 2000). "Team From Pittsburg, Kan., Powers to Top of High School Division at NASA's 7th Annual 'Great Moonbuggy Race'". Archived from the original on August 17, 2000. Retrieved 2013-04-06.
  20. ↑ Berg, Jerry (April 8, 2000). "New Jersey School Powers to Top of College Division at NASA's 7th Annual 'Great Moonbuggy Race'". NASA. Archived from the original on August 17, 2000. Retrieved 2013-04-06.
  21. ↑ "Kansas team triumphs in college division of NASA's 8th Annual "Great Moonbuggy Race"". NASA. April 7, 2001. Archived from the original on 2007-05-22. Retrieved 2013-04-07.
  22. ↑ "New York team triumphs in college division of NASA's 9th annual 'Great Moonbuggy Race'". NASA. April 13, 2002. Archived from the original on 2007-05-16. Retrieved 2013-04-07.
  23. ↑ "North Dakota triumphs in college division of NASA's 10th annual 'Great Moonbuggy Race'". April 12, 2003. Archived from the original on 2006-09-28. Retrieved 2013-04-07.
  24. ↑ Jensen, Martin (April 3, 2004). "North Dakota State Triumphs in College Division of NASA's 11th Annual 'Great Moonbuggy Race' Saturday". NASA. Archived from the original on 2006-09-28. Retrieved 2013-04-07.
  25. ↑ Jensen, Martin (April 8, 2005). "Hometown Team Wins High School Division in NASA's 12th Annual 'Great Moonbuggy Race' Friday". NASA. Archived from the original on 2006-10-12. Retrieved 2013-04-07.
  26. ↑ Jensen, Martin (April 9, 2005). "Utah State University Triumphs in College Division Of NASA's 12th Annual 'Great Moonbuggy Race' Saturday". NASA. Archived from the original on 2007-06-14. Retrieved 2013-04-07.
  27. ↑ "Photos: 'Moonbuggies' bounce to the finish line". CNet. April 10, 2006. p. 8. Retrieved 2013-04-06.
  28. ↑ Storey, Angela (April 13, 2007). "Huntsville Center for Technology Conquers Space-Age Terrain to Win the High School Division of NASA's Great Moonbuggy Race". NASA. Archived from the original on 2007-06-07. Retrieved 2013-04-07.
  29. ↑ "Students' moonbuggy takes prize". Topeka Capital-Journal. Pittsburg, Kansas. AP. April 12, 2006. Retrieved 2013-04-06.
  30. ↑ Storey, Angela (April 5, 2008). "University of Evansville, Ind., Students Rocket to First Place in College Division of NASA's Great Moonbuggy Race". NASA. Retrieved 2013-04-07.
  31. ↑ Storey, Angela (April 4, 2008). "Erie High Team From Erie, Kan., Overcomes Moonscape, All Competitors To Win High School Division Of NASA's Great Moonbuggy Race". NASA. Retrieved 2013-04-07.
  32. ↑ "Fastest times for the Great Moonbuggy race". Huntsville Times. al.com. April 5, 2009. Retrieved 2013-04-07.
  33. ↑ Gray, Kathy Lynn (April 5, 2009). "Moonbuggy race: Broken part eliminates OSU". Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved 2013-04-07.
  34. ↑ Storey, Angela (April 10, 2010). "NASA Announces Winners of 17th Annual Great Moonbuggy Race". NASA. Retrieved 2013-04-07.
  35. ↑ "NASA Announces Winners of 18th Annual Great Moonbuggy Race: Puerto Rico teams take top awards in high school, college divisions". NASA. April 2, 2011. Retrieved 2013-04-07.
  36. ↑ "Winners of 19th Annual NASA Great Moonbuggy Race Announced". NASA. April 14, 2012. Retrieved 2013-04-07.
  37. ↑ Melvin, Leland (March 26, 2013). "Letter from NASA AA for Education Leland Melvin to Education Coordinating Council on Waivers for Education and Public Outreach Activities". Spaceref.com. Spaceref. Retrieved 2013-04-08.
  38. ↑ Roop, Lee (March 26, 2013). "NASA Great Moonbuggy Race dodges sequestration cut and will go on in April". Huntsville Times. al.com. Retrieved 2013-04-08.
  39. ↑ "Puerto Rico Teams Take Top Spots at 20th NASA Great Moonbuggy Race". NASA. 2013-04-27. Retrieved 2013-04-28.
  40. ↑ Roop, Lee (April 11, 2014). "NASA's new rover challenge is tough, just like the rest of the agency's life today". Huntsville Times. Retrieved April 17, 2014.
  41. ↑ "2014 NASA Human Rover Exploration Challenge Results". Space Fellowship. April 13, 2014. Retrieved April 17, 2014.
  42. ↑ "Complete Award Winners for the 2015 NASA Human Exploration Rover Challenge". NASA. April 21, 2015. Retrieved 2016-04-05.
  43. ↑ "NASA Announces Winners of 2016 Human Exploration Rover Challenge". 2016-04-11. Retrieved 2017-03-27.
  44. ↑ "NASA Announces Winners of Weather-shortened Rover Challenge". 2018-04-18. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  45. ↑ Bryan, William (2020-03-16). "Rover Challenge Cancels In-Person Competition; Awards Presented in May". NASA. Retrieved 2020-04-18.
  46. ↑ "NASA Announces Winners of 2021 Human Exploration Rover Challenge". 2016-04-11. Retrieved 2021-09-27.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.