NGOs in West Africa

Last updated

In this article, NGOs in West Africa will be divided into three categories: African national NGOs, African international NGOs, and non-African international NGOs. NGOs stand for non-governmental organizations. [1] These organizations are mostly non-profit and mostly work independently from the government, they have specific aims that range from human rights, finance, health, education and more. [2] There are many non-governmental organizations in West Africa, (West African Sahel includes: Burkina Faso, Benin, Cameroon, Togo, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, and Senegal) and much activity between these countries, organizations and the rest of the world.[ citation needed ]

Contents

The history of non-governmental organizations starts most prominently after colonization. Due to land redistribution, new labor laws and the reconstructive government under colonial rule, NGOs started gradually overtime to protect the well-being of indigenous west African inhabitants, but data and recordings of these instances are quite limited. [3]

Most data on NGOs in the Sahel begin in the 1970s. Due to the independence movements, climate issues, economic issues of the time, and civil rights movements in the United States, led to a dramatic introduction of foreign powers in the Sahel. [3] The combination of the oil embargo by the Middle East and The Great West African Drought had mixed effects in the Sahel. With the Niger River that ran very low leading to a migration of farmers, nomads etc., into major cities; foreign powers soon provided economic relief and humanitarian aid to the Sahel, ranging from American, German, Soviet and NATO organizations. [3] This proved to be a part of a larger relief effort that was heavily influenced by the Cold War and the Arms Race. Foreign governments provided a majority of emergency aid but overtime foreign government involvement became foreign voluntary agencies which eventually solidified as NGOs that took on the mantle of providing aid. [3]

African born NGOs later started developing to an international scale in the 1980s and 90s, growing to a point of African International recognition and solidarity. These groups were formed mostly due to the sudden push for democratization, economic, or climate issues, like ECOWAS and GAWA. [4]

Impact of African national non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in West Africa

Non-governmental organizations, NGOs can work in different capacities but essentially are designed to work autonomously from the government at either local, state, national, or international levels.[ citation needed ] In this section, the focus will be national NGOs in West Africa. Overarchingly, NGOs are meant to be, “formal…, non-profit…, self-governing…, voluntary…” organizations. [5] This description will help provide a foundation for how these characteristics are applied to West African national NGOs.

In the 1980s, West African countries- such as Ghana, Côte d'Ivoire, and Liberia- were pushed to implement "neoliberal economic reforms" and had begun doing so. [6] Later in the 1990s, the three countries made efforts to implement "democratic reforms". [6] While these countries tried, the lasting effects of colonization destabilized the states’ capacity to provide for its citizens; therefore, highlighting non-state organizations, like NGOs, to fulfill the peoples’ need for basic resources. [6] The region's colonial history prompted the increased creation of non-state sources of support, which has been similarly replicated into modern-day. [6] This increased need of non-state resources has led to, “… new inequalities of access and complex mechanisms of accountability for African citizens…”. [6]

This colonial legacy has not only increased the need for non-state resources but also has made it difficult for West African/African national NGOs to work. [7] As a result, national NGOs engage in "grey practices" where they promote state accountability but also engage in corruption. [7] This example shows how the region and continent continues to be impacted by European colonization years later. [7]

One way in which West African national NGOs have developed over time is how they obtain financial aid for their organizations. [5] Given the limited research concerning West African NGOs, scholarship about West African national NGOs and their ability to adapt to the evolving financial aid system in less accessible. [5] However, West African national NGOs- specifically Ghanaian NGOs- are quite active and, “...are innovating, adjusting, and responding in various ways to remain sustainable”. [5] In the 1990s, international donors decided to focus their donations to national NGOs instead of international NGOs or state governments because national NGOs were perceived as well-structured vehicles to serve local communities and not as prone to corruption. [7] In recent years the perspective of national NGOs in West Africa has changed, and they have been criticized for prioritizing their Western donors over the local communities they serve. [7]

West African national NGOs have provided support to their corresponding country's education sectors and infrastructure. [8] For example, in Ghana, religious NGOs assist with, “... public infrastructure development, such as building schools, roads, wells, and boreholes”. [8] National NGOs can help bridge disparity gaps that national governments have not been able to reach and remedy. [8]

Examples of West African national NGOs will be listed down below divided by Human Rights, Finance and Development, Health, and Environment based organizations made to promote change within their corresponding sectors.

Human Rights

Women's rights

  • Association des Femmes Juristes du Bénin:
    • In Benin: (Association of Women Lawyers of Benin - AFJB); NGO focused on educating women on their legal rights [9]
  • BAOBAB
    • In Nigeria BAOBAB Women is an NGO focuses on support for victims of Domestic Violence, and advocates for Gender Rights [10]
  • Equitas
    • Based in Burkina Faso, Equitas is an NGO that focuses on gender equality and education - deconstructing social norms and gender stereotypes [11]
Civil rights
  • Christian Action for the Abolition of Torture-Benin or ACAT-B
    • Based in Benin, ACAT-B is a subgroup of the larger international group ACAT, that is dedicated to ending the death penalty, cruel, and unusual punishment for incarcerated citizens [12]
  • Ligue pour la Défense des Droits de l'Hommeau Bénin
    • Based in Benin, the League for the Defense of Human Rights in Benin or LDH, promotes human rights across the country [13]
LGBTQ+ Rights
  • Bénin Synergie Plus Network (BESYP)
    • Based in Benin, BESYP is an organization dedicated to fighting AIDS and promoting health for LGBTQ+ citizens [14]
  • Ong Tous Nes Libres et Egaux
    • Based in Benin, Ong Tous Nes Libres et Egaux (TNLE) or All Born Free and Equal is an NGO that works for the promotion of human rights and the fight against STIs, HIV/AIDS [15]
  • Youth Arise
    • Based in Sierra Leone, Youth Arise is a non-profit organization that advocates for gay rights, and supports the LGBT/MSM community with resources and education opportunities [16]
  • SAIL
    • Stop AIDS in Liberia was the first NGO founded by LGBTQ citizens, to educate gay men on HIV/AIDS prevention, and provide counseling for LGBTQ+ community [17]
  • Centre for Popular Education and Human Rights, Ghana (CEPEHRG)
    • Based in Accra, Ghana, CEPEHRG is a NGO that aims to aid in the health of LGBTQ+ citizens and advocate for LGBTQ+ civil rights [18]
  • Sourire Des Femme
    • An NGO based in Senegal, focused on upholding feminism, and ending discrimination for women in LBQWSW community (Lesbian, Bisexual, Queer, and Women who have Sex with women) [19]

Finance/Economy/Development

Health

Education

Environment

Impact of African international non-governmental organizations (INGOs) in West Africa

International non-governmental organizations (INGOs) can be defined as NGOs who work autonomously from the government in the international realm.[ citation needed ] Furthermore, INGOs can be described as, “... ‘any internationally operating organization which is not established by inter-governmental agreement’".[ citation needed ] Therefore, INGOs are not born from any international contract.[ citation needed ]

INGOs tend to locate themselves in major cities. [8] For example, Ghanaian NGOs and INGOs are known to have their organizations’ headquarters in Ghana's capital, Accra. [8] However, there are some differences between NGOs and INGOs to consider. Firstly, while West African national NGOs do have their headquarters in massive cities, they also establish them outside massive cities and instead in, “smaller communities'', unlike INGOs. [8] Secondly, NGOs area of focus is either local, state, or national (wiki NGO article) while INGOs deal with projects on an international level.[ citation needed ]

Advocacy-based West African NGOs have been critical of the international community’s attempt to promote civil society in the countries within the region describing these efforts as a “... briefing rather than a dialogue...”. [32] As a result, these international interventions have failed to produce meaningful policy changes and continue to be Western-focused. [32] While Western organizations- such as the World Trade Organization (WTO)- have made it more difficult for West African INGOs to advocate and impact policy on an international level, they have found ways to circumvent these barriers. [32] Instead of West African INGOs working within international bureaucratic constraints, they took an outside approach by using their non-governmental status to build international partnerships to impact policy. [32]

Some ways in which INGOs have provided vital support is the creation of infrastructure for West African states that lack the ability to do so. [6] For example, donors would fund INGOs located in “... countries recovering from civil war, such as Angola and Liberia...” instead of the state governments. [6] Additionally, there are international NGOs that provide supportive services to survivors of sexual violence in the region. [33] For example, these organizations have provided “... Medicare, psychological counseling and advocacy...” services for African females who were sexually assaulted in Northeast Nigeria. [33] While non-African INGOs are more known for documenting sexual assault reports, West African INGOs play an essential role by supporting survivors on-on-one and confirming reports. [33]  

Lastly, a Kenyan based organization that has done work in West Africa called the Pan African Climate Justice Alliance (PACJA) has grown and expanded. [34] The PACJA has been heavily involved in international discussions concerning the resources needed for developing African nations to address climate change. The INGO addressed in solidarity with other international groups at the COP15 Summit that developing nations do not have enough funding and resources to achieve their goals to combat climate change. [35] The PACJA has also made international partnerships specifically in the West African region. For example, in 2013, the organization created a new branch in The Gambia to join efforts in combatting climate change. [36] The PACJA worked "in collaboration with the Department of Water Resources and the University of the Gambia" to implement this new branch of the PACJA. [36]

There are multiple West African INGOs that promote certain non-governmental projects. They are listed down below and divided by Human Rights, Development, Finance/Economy, Environment, and Health.

Human Rights

Development/Finance/Economy

Education

Environment

Health

Impact of Non-African NGOs (NAINGO) in West Africa

Non-African, Western and Soviet Organizations have all been present in the Sahel since the late 1960s and 70s. Most of these organizations take three forms during that time, state-centered developmentalism, entrepreneurial, and post-colonial solidarity. [3]

The state-centered developmental organizations worked in close contact with government organizations abroad and in different West African countries. They advocated mostly for neoliberal policies, and humanitarian incentives, mainly in Nigeria, Niger and Mali. [9]

Entrepreneurial NGOs worked with African governments to create a new political forms and economic strategies for the advancement of both countries. [49] Main examples of these in the 1970s were CARE or the Cooperative American Relief Everywhere organization who strongly advocated for entrepreneurial efforts through a more open political space. [3] These where very governmental as the Nigerian scholar and NGO worker, Boureima Alpha Gado, once said that, "[CARE Mali] was a state within a state". [3] By the late 1980s CARE was closely associated with USAID and assumed some governmental tasks. [50] FRIENDS was another organization in the 70s that practiced social experiments in settling displaced nomads from the Niger River Drought to a new village under the "Tin Aicha" project. [3]

Post-Colonial solidarity NGOs started to spring up in the Sahel due to a rise in Pan-Africanism and Civil Rights movements in the United States and Europe. Its main actors being RAINS and AFASPA. RAINS, also known as Africare & Relief for Africans In Need in the Sahel, is an African American organization based on racial solidarity and humanitarian aid to west Africa. [51] AFASPA, also known as Association Française d'Amite et de Solidarite avec les Peuple d'Afrique, or the Comite d'Enformation Sahel, this organization was based on a labor movement through a Marxist lens. [52]

Overall, International NGOs at the beginning of their advancements were divided between solidarity and international interests, today we see a more proliferation of non-profit humanitarian causes in the region as well as more involvement from China. With a broader scope of goals and purposes that benefit West Africa and the globe. [53]

Human Rights

Health Based

Development Based

Environment Based


Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Benin</span> Country in West Africa

Benin, officially the Republic of Benin, and formerly Dahomey, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east, Burkina Faso to the north-west, and Niger to the north-east. The majority of its population lives on the southern coastline of the Bight of Benin, part of the Gulf of Guinea in the northernmost tropical portion of the Atlantic Ocean. The capital is Porto-Novo, and the seat of government is in Cotonou, the most populous city and economic capital. Benin covers an area of 114,763 square kilometres (44,310 sq mi) and its population in 2021 was estimated to be approximately 13 million. It is a small, tropical country. It is one of the least developed, with an economy heavily dependent on agriculture, and is an exporter of palm oil and cotton. Some employment and income arise from subsistence farming.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ECOWAS</span> Intergovernmental economic union in West Africa

The Economic Community of West African States is a regional political and economic union of fifteen countries located in West Africa. Collectively, these countries comprise an area of 5,114,162 km2 (1,974,589 sq mi) and have an estimated population of over 424.34 million.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">West Africa</span> Westernmost region of the African continent

West Africa or Western Africa is the westernmost region of Africa. The United Nations defines Western Africa as the 16 countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo, as well as Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. The population of West Africa is estimated at 419 million people as of 2021, and at 381,981,000 as of 2017, of which 189,672,000 were female and 192,309,000 male. The region is demographically and economically one of the fastest growing on the African continent.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Africare</span> Non-profit organization based in Washington, D.C.

Africare is a non-profit organization based in Washington, D.C. which provides development aid for Africa. It was founded by Dr. Joseph Kennedy and C. Payne Lucas in 1970, former Peace Corps members who worked in eastern Niger. Africare is the largest and oldest African-American founded international NGO focused exclusively on the continent of Africa. Since 1970, Africare has been improving lives and building a better future by partnering with local communities, focusing on agriculture and food security, healthcare, maternal and child health, HIV/AIDS, access to potable water, and women's empowerment. In more than 40 years of building partnerships with local communities, NGOs, governments and the private sector, Africare has invested over $1 billion in more than 35 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights</span> International court

The African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights, also known simply as the African Court, is an international court established by member states of the African Union (AU) to implement provisions of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights. Seated in Arusha, Tanzania, it is the judicial arm of the AU and one of three regional human rights courts.

The Forum for African Women Educationalists (FAWE) is a pan-African non-governmental organization founded in 1992 by five women ministers of education to promote girls’ and women's education in sub-Saharan Africa by making sure they have access to schools and are able to complete their studies and fulfill their potential, in line with UNESCO's Education For All movement. The organisation's members include ministers of education, university vice-chancellors, education policy-makers, researchers, gender specialists and human rights activists.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Foreign relations of the African Union</span> An African International agency

The individual member states of the African Union (AU) coordinate foreign policy through this agency, in addition to conducting their own international relations on a state-by-state basis. The AU represents the interests of African peoples at large in intergovernmental organizations (IGO's); for instance, it is a permanent observer at the United Nations' General Assembly.

An international non-governmental organization (INGO) is an organization which is independent of government involvement and extends the concept of a non-governmental organization (NGO) to an international scope.

Green Actors of West Africa (GAWA) is a network of environmental organizations from West Africa created in 2005. The goal of GAWA Network is to develop ways of enhancing cooperation and coordination between and among the various donors and environmental (nature conservation) actors in this sub-African region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Slavery in contemporary Africa</span> Modern history of slavery in Africa

The continent of Africa is one of the regions most rife with contemporary slavery. Slavery in Africa has a long history, within Africa since before historical records, but intensifying with the trans-Saharan and Indian Ocean slave trade and again with the trans-Atlantic slave trade; the demand for slaves created an entire series of kingdoms which existed in a state of perpetual warfare in order to generate the prisoners of war necessary for the lucrative export of slaves. These patterns persisted into the colonial period during the late 19th and early 20th century. Although the colonial authorities attempted to suppress slavery from about 1900, this had very limited success, and after decolonization, slavery continues in many parts of Africa despite being technically illegal.

The Inter-African Committee on Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children(IAC) (French: Comité interafricain sur les pratiques traditionnelles affectant la santé des femmes et des enfants) is a non-governmental organization (NGO) which seeks to change social values and raise consciousness towards eliminating female genital mutilation (FGM) and other traditional practices which affect the health of women and children in Africa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">West-Central Africa Division of Seventh-day Adventists</span> Sub-entity of the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists

The West-Central Africa Division (WAD) of Seventh-day Adventists is a sub-entity of the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists, which coordinates the Church's operations in 22 African countries, which include Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo. Its headquarters is in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Founded in 2003, the division membership as of June 30, 2021 is 889,196

Benin is a coastal country located in the Gulf of Guinea in Western Africa, which is a resource rich region. Energy in Benin has a diverse energy mix and takes several forms including: solar, wind, hydropower, biomass, fossil resources, and mineral resources. Out of this energy mix, about 60% of energy comes from biomass. Benin is also dependent on energy imports from Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire. While power plants and other energy facilities were built in the 1950s and 1960s, the lack of investment has led to deterioration over time. Similarly, its location in the Gulf of Guinea has led to an attempt of oil production starting in the late 1980s. However, due to unprofitable operations, oil production halted in 1998.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2010 Sahel famine</span> Famine affecting Africas Sahel & Senegal river area

A large-scale, drought-induced famine occurred in Africa's Sahel region and many parts of the neighbouring Sénégal River Area from February to August 2010. It is one of many famines to have hit the region in recent times.

Nigeria is a source, transit, and destination country for women and children subjected to trafficking in persons including forced labour and forced prostitution. The U.S. State Department's Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons placed the country in "Tier 2 Watchlist" in 2017. Trafficked people, particularly women and children, are recruited from within and outside the country's borders – for involuntary domestic servitude, sexual exploitation, street hawking, domestic servitude, mining, begging etc. Some are taken from Nigeria to other West and Central African countries, primarily Gabon, Cameroon, Ghana, Chad, Benin, Togo, Niger, Burkina Faso, and the Gambia, for the same purposes. Children from other West African states like Benin, Togo, and Ghana – where Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) rules allow for easy entry – are also forced to work in Nigeria, and some are subjected to hazardous jobs in Nigeria's granite mines. Europe, especially Italy and Russia, the Middle East and North Africa, are prime destinations for forced prostitution.Nigerians accounted for 21% of the 181,000 migrants that arrived in Italy through the Mediterranean in 2016 and about 21,000 Nigerian women and girls have been trafficked to Italy since 2015.

The 17th Ordinary African Union Summit was held 28 June 2011 through 1 July 2011 in Malabo, the capital city of the Equatorial Guinea. In addition to the meeting of AU heads of state, the AU summit in Malabo included the 19th Ordinary Session of the Executive Council and the 22nd Ordinary Session of the Permanent Representatives Committee (PRC).

Assetou Foune Samake Migan is a Malian politician currently serving as the Malian Minister of Higher Education and Scientific Research. She taught plant physiology at the Ecole Normale Supérieure of Bamako from 1993 to 2000 before working with Winrock International from 2000 to 2004, the Polycentric Social Forum in Bamako from 2005 to 2006, the African Institute of Food and Sustainable Development from 2005 to 2009, the Unitarian Services of Canada from 2011 to 2013, the Forum for Another Mali, and the Ministry of National Reconciliation and Northern Development in 2013. She served as a technical advisor at the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research before her appointment to Minister in 2016.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Terrorism in Burkina Faso</span> Overview of terrorism in Burkina Faso

Terrorism in Burkina Faso refers to non-state actor violence in Burkina Faso carried out with the intent of causing fear and spreading extremist ideology. Terrorist activity primarily involves religious terrorism conducted by foreign-based organizations, although some activity occurs because of communal frustration over the lack of economic development. Recent attacks have concentrated in the Hauts-Bassins, Boucle du Mouhoun, Nord, Sahel, and Est regions, along the border with Mali and Niger. A series of attacks in Ouagadougou in 2016, 2017, and 2018 by al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb and its affiliates garnered international attention.

Pan African Climate Justice Alliance (PACJA) is a network of more than 1000 organisations from 48 countries in Africa. It is based in Kenya and consists of NGOs, grassroots organisations, trusts, foundations, indigenous communities, farmers, community-based organisations, and religious organisations. It advocates for climate and environmental justice and it is a people-centered consortium. It was co-founded by climate activists Augustine B Njamnshi and Mithika Mwenda.

References

  1. ↑ "Non-governmental organizations". African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights. Retrieved 2024-02-14.
  2. ↑ "Non-governmental organizations". African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights. Retrieved 2024-02-14.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Mann, Gregory (2014). From Empires to NGOs in the West African Sahel: The Road to Nongovernmentality. Cambridge University Press.
  4. ↑ Hearn, Julie (November 2007). "African NGOs: The New Compradors?: African NGOs: The New Compradors'". Development and Change. 38 (6): 1095–1110. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7660.2007.00447.x.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Arhin, Albert A.; Kumi, Emmanuel; Adam, Mohammed-Anwar Sadat (April 2018). "Facing the Bullet? Non-Governmental Organisations' (NGOs') Responses to the Changing Aid Landscape in Ghana". VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations. 29 (2): 348–360. doi: 10.1007/s11266-018-9966-1 . S2CID   148891284.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 MacLean, Lauren M. (3 July 2017). "Neoliberal democratisation, colonial legacies and the rise of the non-state provision of social welfare in West Africa". Review of African Political Economy. 44 (153): 358–380. doi:10.1080/03056244.2017.1319806. S2CID   149054533.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Routley, Laura (2016). Negotiating Corruption NGOs, governance and hybridity in West Africa. Oxon OX14 4RN and New York, NY 10017: Routledge. pp. 1–10. ISBN   978-1-31739-850-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Zook; Arndt (2021). "Islamic NGOs in Education in Ghana: Analysis of the Scope, Activities, and Revenue Portfolios". Journal of Education in Muslim Societies. 2 (2): 57–81. doi:10.2979/jems.2.2.04. JSTOR   10.2979/jems.2.2.04. S2CID   236733845.
  9. 1 2 3 4 "The Status of Human Rights Organizations in Sub-Saharan Africa -- Benin". hrlibrary.umn.edu. Retrieved 2022-05-09.
  10. ↑ "BAOBAB for Women's Human Rights |" . Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  11. ↑ "Burkina Faso". Equitas. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  12. ↑ "The Status of Human Rights Organizations in Sub-Saharan Africa -- Benin". hrlibrary.umn.edu. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  13. ↑ "Ligue pour la défense des droits de l'homme au Bénin, LDDH". Wiser.Directory. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  14. ↑ "BESYP – Africa Gay Rights" (in French). 5 March 2014. Retrieved 2022-05-09.
  15. ↑ "Benin | INCLUSION | Education Profiles". education-profiles.org. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  16. ↑ "Home | Youth Arise Organisation LGBT". website. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  17. ↑ "Stop Aids In Liberia". Stop Aids In Liberia. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  18. ↑ "Mac Darling Cobbinah - HIV Policy and Advocacy Monitor". www.healthpolicyproject.com. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  19. ↑ "QAYN | Sourire De Femme" . Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  20. ↑ "Association des Jeunes Engagés pour l'Action Humanitaire". www.idealist.org. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  21. ↑ "Mauritanie - Vue d'ensemble". World Bank (in French). Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  22. ↑ "Tenmiya (Association de développement)". www.tenmiya.com. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  23. ↑ "Mentally Aware Nigeria Initiative (MANI)". Mental Health Innovation Network. 2016-06-28. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  24. ↑ "NGO Peace One Day Mali (POD-MALI) | End Violence". End Violence Against Children. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  25. ↑ "N.A.P.D (NEVER ALONE PRINCIPLE DEFENDERS) - Organisations non-gouvernementales (ONG)". Go Africa Online (in French). Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  26. ↑ "SEVCI Website | Santé, Espoir et Vie, dans un système de soin fort" (in French). Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  27. ↑ "NGOs in Africa | Non-Governmental Organizations" . Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  28. ↑ "OnGood". www.ongood.ngo. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  29. ↑ "OnGood". www.ongood.ngo. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  30. ↑ "Welcome to GreenCare Cameroon". www.greencarecameroon.org. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  31. ↑ "Ape Action Africa". Ape Action Africa. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  32. 1 2 3 4 Trommer, Silke (February 2011). "Activists beyond Brussels: Transnational NGO Strategies on EU–West African Trade Negotiations". Globalizations. 8 (1): 113–126. doi:10.1080/14747731.2011.544214. S2CID   153510627.
  33. 1 2 3 Njoku, Emeka Thaddues (10 November 2019). "The ligaments of counter-terrorism regime: sexual violence and the vicarious traumatisation of female non-governmental organisation workers: evidence from Nigeria" (PDF). Small Wars & Insurgencies. 30 (6–7): 1233–1263. doi:10.1080/09592318.2019.1649830. S2CID   204371533.
  34. 1 2 3 "Panafrican Climate Justice Alliance - PACJA". Panafrican Climate Justice Alliance. Retrieved 2022-05-10.
  35. ↑ Khan, Mizan; Robinson, Stacy-ann; Weikmans, Romain; Ciplet, David; Roberts, J. Timmons (July 2020). "Twenty-five years of adaptation finance through a climate justice lens". Climatic Change. 161 (2): 251–269. Bibcode:2020ClCh..161..251K. doi: 10.1007/s10584-019-02563-x . S2CID   204963007.
  36. 1 2 "Gambia: Pan-African Climate Justice Alliance Gambia Chapter Launched" . All Africa. 25 April 2013. ProQuest   1346018874.
  37. ↑ "prideequality.org". www.prideequality.org. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  38. ↑ "AFRICAN DEFENDERS | West Africa" . Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  39. ↑ "The African Centre for Democracy and Human Rights Studies" . Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  40. ↑ "Make Every Woman Count". www.mewc.org. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  41. ↑ "Courants de Femmes présente : Voix de Femmes". courantsdefemmes.free.fr. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  42. ↑ "RFLD- Réseau des Femmes Leaders pour le Développement". RFLD- Réseau des Femmes Leaders pour le Développement (in French). Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  43. ↑ "Réseau des Femmes Leaders pour le Développement (RFLD)". Namati. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  44. ↑ "Ane Osiobe International Foundation". aneosiobe.ngo. Retrieved 2022-05-10.
  45. ↑ "Sport for Education and Development – Togo and Ivory Coast | Connect4Climate". www.connect4climate.org. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  46. ↑ "Regional – The Environmental Foundation for Africa" . Retrieved 2022-05-10.
  47. ↑ "Waaf Web – West Africa AIDS Foundation" . Retrieved 2022-05-10.
  48. ↑ "Côte d'Ivoire | Health Alliance International". www.healthallianceinternational.org. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  49. ↑ Potter, Robert B. (November 2001). "Environments and livelihoods: strategies for survival, K. Neefjes, Oxfam, Oxford, 2000. ISBN 0 85598 460 0, £29.95 (hardback), 0 85598 440 6, £11.50 (paperback), x + 277 pp: BOOK REVIEWS". Land Degradation & Development. 12 (6): 574. doi:10.1002/ldr.469.
  50. ↑ Shivji, Issa G. (2006). "The Silences in the NGO Discourse: The role and future of NGOs in Africa". Africa Development. 31 (4): 22–51–22–51. doi:10.4314/ad.v31i4 (inactive 31 January 2024).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link)
  51. ↑ Routley, Laura (2015). Negotiating Corruption: NGOs, governance and hybridity in West Africa. London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781317398509. ISBN   978-1-317-39850-9.
  52. ↑ Atampugre, Nicholas (March 1997). "Aid, NGOs and grassroots development: Northern Burkina Faso". Review of African Political Economy. 24 (71): 57–73. doi:10.1080/03056249708704238. hdl: 10.1080/03056249708704238 .
  53. ↑ Dibie, Robert A. (2008). Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and sustainable development in sub-Saharan Africa. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. ISBN   978-0-7391-1653-1. OCLC   164803243.[ page needed ]
  54. ↑ "Tostan International | Dignity for All" . Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  55. ↑ "Africa | Country Page | World | Human Rights Watch". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  56. ↑ "Amnesty International". Amnesty International. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  57. ↑ "Togo". ECPAT. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  58. ↑ "Senegal". The Hunger Project. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.