Nada (Hope) was a Bosnian literary and arts magazine published between 1895 and 1903. It was the first Bosnian magazine comparable to other European cultural journals. [1] It had the backing of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy; Kosta Hörmann and Béni Kállay were the driving force behind the magazine's founding. Hörmann would serve as its editor. After Kállay died in 1903, the magazine lost its impetus, and Bosnian nationalism shifted into a new form. The magazine remains an invaluable source of information on cultural life in Bosnia in the period. [2]
Ewald Arndt Čeplin was the magazine's chief illustrator for its entire life. His brother Leo, Ivana Kobilca and Maximilian Liebenwein were the other permanent illustrators; 23 reproductions of Kobilca's other work also appeared on its pages. These four formed the obscure 'Sarajevo Painter's Club', and launched exhibitions of original art and illustrations from Nada in Austria, Germany and Hungary. [2]
In the period that the magazine was published, Austria-Hungary were occupying Bosnia and exercised de facto control, but had not yet formally annexed the region. Nada was explicitly a cultural project of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. Its aim was to "diminish or entirely eliminate the influence of the Croatian and the Serbian newspapers and magazines and making the domestic opposition newspapers". The name itself reflects this: Hörmann chose it to signify "hope in the progress of the people towards Austria", by reinforcing the Bosnian sense of nationality. It set out to be secular and did not seek "open conflict", but instead sought "morally correct reporting" with horizons beyond just Bosnia or the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. [2] Kecmanović (1963) takes the position that Hörmann and Kállay pursued the policy of inventing an "artificial" Bosnian identity to aid Austria-Hungary in Cathlocicising the region, which first required Serbian "denationalisation". [1]
Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Dual Monarchy, or Austria, was a constitutional monarchy and great power in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. It was formed with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 in the aftermath of the Austro-Prussian War and was dissolved shortly after its defeat in the First World War.
Petar Kočić was a Bosnian Serb writer, activist and politician. Born in rural northwestern Bosnia in the final days of Ottoman rule, Kočić began writing around the turn of the twentieth century, first poetry and then prose. While a university student, he became politically active and began agitating for agrarian reforms within Bosnia and Herzegovina, which had been occupied by Austria-Hungary following the Ottomans' withdrawal in 1878. Other reforms that Kočić demanded were freedom of the press and freedom of assembly, which were denied under Austria-Hungary.
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The Austro-Hungarian Army was the ground force of the Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy from 1867 to 1918. It was composed of three parts: the joint army, the Imperial Austrian Landwehr, and the Royal Hungarian Honvéd.
The Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina are one of the three constitutive nations of the country, predominantly residing in the political-territorial entity of Republika Srpska.
Béni Kállay de Nagy-Kálló or Benjamin von Kállay was an Austro-Hungarian statesman and a Hungarian nobleman.
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Stjepan Freiherr Sarkotić von Lovćen was an Austro-Hungarian Army generaloberst of Croatian descent who served as Governor of Bosnia and Herzegovina and military commander of Dalmatia and Montenegro during the World War I.
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The Diet of Bosnia and Herzegovina, was a representative assembly with competence over the Austro-Hungarian Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The parliament established in 1910 had a certain legislative authority, however, its resolutions were subject to approval by the Austrian and Hungarian government. It ceased its operation in July 1914 and was legally abolished in 1915.
Dimitrije "Mita" Tucović was a Serbian theorist of the socialist movement, politician, writer and publisher. He was founder of the Serbian Social Democratic Party, with the writings, he participated in many newspapers and magazines: Radnicki novine, Zhivot, Borba, Radnicki list, Sloboda, Tergovački pomoci, Radnik, Die Neue Zeit, Vorwärts, Gllas sloboda, Radnicki kalendari, Majski spisi.
Bosnia and Herzegovina fell under Austro-Hungarian rule in 1878, when the Congress of Berlin approved the occupation of the Bosnia Vilayet, which officially remained part of the Ottoman Empire. Three decades later, in 1908, Austria-Hungary provoked the Bosnian Crisis by formally annexing the occupied zone, establishing the Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina under the joint control of Austria and Hungary.
Herzegovina is the southern and smaller of two main geographical regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the other being Bosnia. It has never had strictly defined geographical or cultural-historical borders, nor has it ever been defined as an administrative whole in the geopolitical and economic subdivision of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Lajos Thallóczy was a Hungarian historian, a politician and diplomat, the head of the joint finance department of the Dual Monarchy, a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the president of the Hungarian Historical Society from 1913 to 1916 and a renowned albanologist. As a diplomat in Austria-Hungary he played a very significant role in the Balkans as he was considered an expert on the history of the region. He was one of the most important advisers to Gyula Andrássy and Béni Kállay in questions of Balkan policy and even to the emperor Franz Joseph and to the minister of the government. His academic work has produced respected results in the study of south Slavic countries and he is regarded as the founder of modern Hungarian researches of the Balkans.
In the history of the Austria-Hungary trialism was the political movement that aimed to reorganize the bipartite Empire into a tripartite one, creating a Croatian state equal in status to Austria and Hungary. Franz Ferdinand promoted trialism before his assassination in 1914 to prevent the Empire from being ripped apart by Slavic dissent. The Empire would be restructured three ways instead of two, with the Slavic element given representation at the highest levels equivalent to what Austria and Hungary had at the time. Serbians saw this as a threat to their dream of a new state of Yugoslavia. Hungarian leaders had a predominant voice in imperial circles and strongly rejected Trialism because it would liberate many of their minorities from Hungarian rule they considered oppressive.
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