Nathan ben Isaac ha-Kohen ha-Babli was a Babylonian Jewish historian of the 10th century. He was the author of a history of the exilarchate that gives many interesting details in regard to the exilarchs, particularly his contemporary Mar Ukba. Extracts from this history were published by Samuel Shullam in his edition of Zacuto's Yuḥasin (Constantinople, 1546), as well as by A. Neubauer (M. J. C. ii. 83 et seq.). Shullam's work is the only surviving source for Nathan's history other than an Arabic fragment published by Israel Friedlander. [1]
Since Nathan ben Jehiel of Rome, the author of the Arukh, is quoted in Zacuto's Yuḥasin (ed. Filipowski, p. 174, London, 1856) as "Nathan ha-Babli of Narbonne," H. Grätz (Gesch. 3d ed., v. 288, 469–471) mistook the latter for Nathan ben Isaac ha-Kohen ha-Babli and ascribed to him an Arukh similar to that written by Nathan b. Jehiel. Grätz even went so far as to identify Nathan ben Isaac with the fourth of the four prisoners captured by Ibn Rumaḥis (see Ḥushiel ben Elhanan), assuming that he settled afterward at Narbonne.
Moshe haDarshan was chief of the yeshiva of Narbonne, and perhaps the founder of Jewish exegetical studies in France. Along with Rashi, his writings are often cited as the first extant writings in Zarphatic, the Judæo-French language.
Solomon Judah Löb HaKohen Rapoport was a Galician and Czech rabbi and Jewish scholar. Rapoport was known by an acronym "Shir", שי"ר occasionally שיל"ר, formed by the initial letters of his Hebrew name "Sh"elomo "Y"ehuda "R"apoport. Shir literally means "song" in Hebrew. He was one of the founders of the new Wissenschaft des Judentums movement.
Nathan ben Jehiel of Rome was a Jewish Italian lexicographer. He authored the Arukh, a notable dictionary of Talmudic and Midrashic words, and consequently he himself is often referred to as "the Arukh".
Isaac Israeli ben Joseph or Yitzhak ben Yosef was a Spanish-Jewish astronomer/astrologer who flourished at Toledo in the first half of the fourteenth century.
Vidal of Tolosa, alternate spelling Vidal de Toulouse, was a Spanish rabbi and scholar of the late 14th century, and is often referred to by the sobriquet, Harav Ha-Maggid, or the Maggid Mishneh, named for his magnum opus by that name.
Yerucham ben Meshullam, often called Rabbenu Yerucham, was a prominent rabbi and posek during the period of the Rishonim.
Abraham ben Nathan was a Provençal rabbi and scholar of the 12th-13th centuries.
Samuel ben Isaac Ha-Sardi was a Spanish rabbi who flourished in the first half of the 13th century. In his youth he attended the school of Rabbi Nathan ben Meir of Trinquetaille, Provence, and later he returned to Spain, his native country. David Conforte derives the name "Sardi" from the city of Sardinia. Zacuto calls Samuel "Ha-Sefaradi"; so does Heilprin in Seder ha-Dorot, i.216b, 292a in the Warsaw edition of 1883, but in iii.108b of the Warsaw edition of 1882 he designates him "Ha-Sardi."
Isaac ben Samuel of Acre was a Jewish kabbalist who fled to Spain.
Perez ben Elijah of Corbeil was a French tosafist, son of the Talmudist Elijah of Tours. In Talmudic literature he is designated by the abbreviations RaP, RaPaSh, and MaHaRPaSh.
Isaac de Leon, who lived at Ocaña, in Toledo, Spain, was one of the last rabbis of Castile. He was a native of Leon, and a pupil of Isaac Campanton, and, like Moses de Leon, a kabbalist and a believer in miracles. Joseph Caro and others honored him with the title of "the great teacher." He was more than seventy years of age at his death, which occurred some years before the expulsion of the Jews from Spain; he was mourned by many pupils. The work ascribed to him, Megillat Ester, an answer to Nahmanides' criticism of Maimonides' Sefer ha-Miẓwot, has been proved by Azulai to belong to Isaac Leon ibn Zur, a later writer.
Isaac ben Jacob Canpanton (1360–1463) was a Spanish rabbi. He lived in the period darkened by the outrages of Ferrand Martinez and Vicente Ferrer, when intellectual life and Talmudic erudition were on the decline among the Jews of Spain. The historiographers Immanuel Aboab, Zacuto, and Joseph ben Zaddik unite in designating Canpanton as a gaon, Aboab stating that he was styled "the gaon of Castile". Among his pupils may be mentioned Samuel al-Valensi, Isaac Aboab, and Isaac De Leon. He died at Peñafiel in 1463.
Moses ben Mordecai Zacuto, also known by the Hebrew acronym RaMa"Z, was a rabbi, Kabbalist, and poet. Zacuto, who was born into a Portuguese Marrano family in Amsterdam, studied Jewish subjects under Saul Levi Morteira. He also studied secular subjects, such as the Latin language. As a pupil of Morteira, he may also have been, as a youth still in Amsterdam, a fellow student of Baruch Spinoza.
Jehiel ben Solomon Heilprin was a Lithuanian rabbi, kabalist, and chronicler.
Samuel Shullam was a Jewish physician and historian who flourished in the second half of the 16th century. He was of Spanish descent, and after an adventurous life went to Constantinople, where he was supported by Kiera (Esther), who stood high in favor at the court of the sultan. At her expense he published, but with many omissions, Abraham Zacuto's Yuḥasin, to which he added the Arabic chronology of the dynasties by the Syriac historian Gregory Bar-Hebraeus, supplemented by a Turkish history, his own work. He published also:
Samuel ben Jacob ibn Jam or Samuel ben Jacob Jam'a was rabbi of the North-African community of קאבס (Gabès?) who flourished in the 12th century. He was on intimate terms with Abraham ibn Ezra, who dedicated to him his Ḥai ben Meḳiẓ and mentioned eulogiously three of his sons — Judah, Moses, and Jacob.
Hanan of Iskiya (Asikia) (Hebrew: רב חנן מאישקיא/מאישקא; alternative English spellings: Hanan of Iskia, or Hanan of Iskya, or Hanan of Ishqiya) was rector of the Talmudical academy at Pumbedita, 589-608. He was succeeded by Mari ben R. Dimi after his death in 609.
Muhammad ibn Rumahis was a Muslim Admiral in 10th Century Spain. He is remembered in Jewish History for capturing of four Babylonian Rabbis and ransoming them to the Jewish communities of Alexandria, Kairouan, Córdoba, and one unidentified other location.
Yechiel Michel ben Eliezer ha-Kohen, also known as the Martyr of Nemirov, was a kabbalist and rabbi at Nemirov, Russia who was murdered during the Cossacks' Uprising of 1648.
Rav Zemah ben Paltoi, also spelt Tzemach ben Poltoi, Zemaḥ Gaon,, was the Gaon of Pumbeditha from 872 up until his death in 890.