National Security Service (Somalia)

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National Security Service
Hay'ada Nabadsugida Qaranka (Somali)
Coat of arms of Somalia.svg
Coat of Arms of the Somali Democratic Republic
Governmental overview
Formed8 January 1970
Dissolved1990
Superseding Governmental
Type Intelligence agency
Secret police
Jurisdiction Supreme Revolutionary Council
Headquarters Mogadishu
Governmental executive
Parent departmentInterior Ministry of the Somali Democratic Republic

The National Security Service (NSS) (Somali : Hay'ada Nabadsugida Qaranka, HNQ) was the primary intelligence agency of the Somali Democratic Republic from 1970 to 1990. The NSS was formed as the secret police under the government of Siad Barre in 1970, modelled after the KGB of the Soviet Union, and was formally dissolved in 1990 shortly before Barre's overthrow. In 2013, the Federal Government of Somalia re-established the NSS as the national intelligence service, renaming it the National Intelligence and Security Agency (NISA).

Contents

Organization and structure

The NSS was subordinate to the Interior Ministry, and led by General Ahmed Saleebaan Abdalla ("Dafle") right through the 1970s until the mid-1980s. Abdalla was a son-in-law of the General and a member of the Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC). [1] After that point, Abdiqasim Salad Hassan directed the agency during the closing years of the Barré regime. Hassan would later become a one-time President of Somalia under the Transitional National Government.

Conceived in the Soviet model and organized with the help of the KGB, the NSS was an elite organization whose key officers maintained close links to Barré's SRC. [2] [3] [4] It built and maintained a wide-ranging network of informers.

NSS prisons

The NSS headquarters and interrogation center in Mogadishu, referred to as Godka or "the Hole", was particularly notorious. [5] Other NSS centers included Mogadishu Central Prison, and stations at Lanta Bur, Labtanjirow and Burwein.

1990 dissolution

In 1990 the NSS was formally dissolved as a palliative measure. [6] However, its abolition was not accompanied by the demise of other security agencies who also had effectively unlimited powers of arrest and detention and similarly notorious reputations for torture and ill-treatment of detainees. These include the President's own bodyguards, the Red Berets (Duub Cas); the Dhabar Jabinta (or "Backbreakers") a branch of the military police; the Hangash , another branch of the military police; the Guulwadayal (or "Victory Pioneers"), a uniformed paramilitary group; and the investigative wing of the Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party (SRSP).

Similarly, the decision to dismantle the NSC did not guarantee a fair system of justice because other courts, such as the Mobile Military Court and the Regional Security Court, retained the power to sentence people to long prison terms and even death without any pretense of due process. In an effort to show that the government was opening the political system, President Barre resigned as Secretary General of the ruling party, only to be replaced by a son-in-law who for many years headed the NSS.

Politicians with ties to the NSS

Controversy surrounds the activities of the NSS, as well as those politicians who served in or assisted the NSS during the Barre regime. This is a partial list of Somali and Horn of Africa politicians who had known or alleged ties to the NSS:

Foreign politicians

Former Ethiopian president Meles Zenawi and Eritrean president Isayas Afewerki were also alleged to have had contacts with the NSS. IRIN news wrote, citing an unnamed former official of Somalia, that: "Meles knew Somalia very well, as he lived in Mogadishu when he was a liberation leader in the 1980s. Meles and Eritrean leader Isayas Afewerki “lived together in a villa behind Tawfiq Hotel, north Mogadishu, and were handled by the National Security Service, provided with travel documents and Somali passports, trained and given a Tigrayan radio frequency”, a former senior Somali government official told IRIN". [11]

Successor

In January 2013, the new Federal Government of Somalia established the National Intelligence and Security Agency (NISA) in place of the defunct NSS. Mandated with assuring national security, NISA is headquartered in the capital Mogadishu. [12]

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References

  1. ↑ Issa-Salwe, Abdisalam M. 1996. The Collapse of the Somali State: The Impact of the Colonial Legacy. London: Haan, p.74
  2. ↑ Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. Helen Chapin Metz (ed.). "Somalia : a country study". LCC   DT401.5 .S68 1993.
  3. ↑ unknown (July 21, 1975). "The Russians on Africa's Horn". Time Magazine. Archived from the original on December 4, 2008.
  4. ↑ Comparative Criminology | Africa - Somalia Archived 2007-01-03 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ↑ "Somalia: National Security Service Prison (Godka), Mogadishu, Somalia". UNHCR. Archived from the original on 2006-10-22. Retrieved 2007-02-02.
  6. ↑ "Somalia: Human Rights Developments". Human Rights Watch World Report 1990. Human Rights Watch. 1991. Retrieved 2007-02-03.
  7. ↑ Rakiya A. Omaar (1990). "Government at War with Its Own People: Testimonies About the Killings and the Conflict in the North". Africa Watch.
  8. ↑ "Southern regional authorities: the Rahanweyn Resistance Army (RRA) (2004)". Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC). 2004. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-02-04.
  9. ↑ "An uneasy relationship". The New Humanitarian. 2001-01-02. Retrieved 2020-07-25.
  10. ↑ "An uneasy relationship". The New Humanitarian. 2001-01-02. Retrieved 2020-07-25.
  11. ↑ "An uneasy relationship". 2 January 2001.
  12. ↑ "Somalia Re-Opens its National Intelligence & Security Agency". Walta Info. 10 January 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
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