Native Community Lands (Spanish: Tierra Comunitaria de Origen, acronym: TCO; also translated as Communal Lands of Origin), according to Bolivian law, are territories held by indigenous people through collective title. The creation of these territories has been a major goal of Bolivian indigenous movements and a political initiative pursued by both neoliberal and indigenous-identified national governments. TCOs are being included under the Indigenous Originary Campesino Autonomy regime. As of June 2009[update], 60 TCOs had been proposed in the lowlands, of which 12 had completed titling, and 143 had been proposed in the highlands, of which 72 had final titles.[1] More than 16.8 million hectares have been incorporated within Native Community Lands as of December 2009[update],[2] more than 15% of Bolivia's land area.
Titling of indigenous territories was propelled by the March for Territory and Dignity in July and August 1990, organized by the Confederation of Indigenous Peoples of the Bolivian East (CIDOB). This march demanded the recognition of four indigenous territories, which was granted through Supreme Decrees issued on 24 September 1990. State recognition was formalized through the 1993 Agrarian Reform Law, which authorized community land ownership and formalized Native Community Lands as the vehicle for this ownership. Responsibility for verifying and awarding title fell to the National Institute of Agrarian Reform.[3] In the 1994 revision of the Constitution, indigenous rights to exercise "social, economic, and cultural rights" through Native Community Lands were recognized in Article 171.[4] In the 2009 Constitution, Native Community Lands reappear as Indigenous Originary Campesino Territories in Article 403.[5] A study by the Fundación Tierra found that while the Morales government has significantly advanced titling of Native Community Lands, it has resisted ensuring the constitution rights of TCO residents over the management of their territories and resources.[6]
↑ Beltrán, Javier (2000). Indigenous and traditional peoples and protected areas: principles, guidelines and case studies. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. ISBN978-2-8317-0547-7. Page unclear, see search for "INRA".
↑ Janssens, Maddy (2010-11-01). The Sustainability of Cultural Diversity: Nations, Cities and Organizations. Edward Elgar Publishing. p.105. ISBN978-1-84980-289-5.
↑ PIEB (20 July 2011). "Comunidades con tierras tituladas pero sin derechos consolidados, según estudio". Archived from the original on 21 August 2011. Retrieved 22 July 2011. El gobierno del presidente Evo Morales fue el que más tituló propiedad agraria a favor de las Tierras Comunitarias de Origen (TCOs), pero a la vez, el que más se resiste a cumplir los derechos constitucionales que les corresponde a estos pueblos,
1 2 3 Torrico, Ismael Guzmán; Eulogio Núñez (2008-01-01). Saneamiento de la tierra en seis regiones de Bolivia 1996-2007. CIPCA. p.36. ISBN978-99954-35-05-9.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Oyarzún, José Aylwin (2004). Derechos humanos y pueblos indígenas: tendencias internacionales y contexto chileno. International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. p.182. ISBN978-956-236-161-3.
↑ Torrico, José Antonio Rocha; Carla María Bazoalto Olmos; Luis Fernando Cuéllar Camargo (2008-01-01). Autonomías indígenas, construcción de nación y fortalecimiento del Estado: estudios de caso en las regiones Norte de Potosí, guaraní del Isoso y kallawaya. FUNDACION PIEB. p.55. ISBN978-99954-32-25-6.
↑ SmartWood (2005), Resumen Público de Certificación de Territorio Comunitario de Origen Yuqui - CIRI (Certificado: SW-FM/COC-1178), p.8
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