An obstruction, usually sunken, that presents sufficient danger to navigation so as to require expeditious, affirmative action such as marking, removal, or redefinition of a designated waterway to provide for navigational safety.[1]
Any obstacle encountered by a vessel in route posing risk or danger to the vessel, its contents or the environment.[2]
An obstruction determined to have a substantial adverse effect on the safety and efficient utilization of the navigable airspace.[3]
The risk associated with a hazard is aggravated when the position is uncertain, or the hazard is unmarked or obscured by poor visibility.[4]
Consequences
Marine accidents can occur, which can cause loss of life and vessels, or delays of shipping, unreliable transport of people and goods, and environmental damage.[4]
Hazards to airspace navigation
Weather conditions such as high winds, icing, thunderstorms, wind shear and clear air turbulence, low visibility.[5]
Physical obstructions such as tall buildings, radio masts, cranes, wires, mountains, cliffs, power lines.[5]
An aid to navigation (ATON) is any device external to a vessel or aircraft specifically intended to assist navigators in determining their position or safe course, or to warn them of dangers or obstructions to navigation.
Lighthouse– Structure designed to emit light to aid navigation
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