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The American Psychological Association (APA) is the main professional organization of psychologists in the United States, and the largest psychological association in the world. It has over 157,000 members, including scientists, educators, clinicians, consultants, and students. It has 54 divisions, which function as interest groups for different subspecialties of psychology or topical areas. The APA has an annual budget of around $125 million.
A psychologist is a professional who practices psychology and studies mental states, perceptual, cognitive, emotional, and social processes and behavior. Their work often involves the experimentation, observation, and interpretation of how individuals relate to each other and to their environments.
Applied psychology is the use of psychological methods and findings of scientific psychology to solve practical problems of human and animal behavior and experience. Educational and organizational psychology, business management, law, health, product design, ergonomics, behavioural psychology, psychology of motivation, psychoanalysis, neuropsychology, psychiatry and mental health are just a few of the areas that have been influenced by the application of psychological principles and scientific findings. Some of the areas of applied psychology include counseling psychology, industrial and organizational psychology, engineering psychology, occupational health psychology, legal psychology, school psychology, sports psychology, community psychology, neuropsychology, medical psychology and clinical psychology, evolutionary psychology, human factors, forensic psychology and traffic psychology. In addition, a number of specialized areas in the general area of psychology have applied branches. However, the lines between sub-branch specializations and major applied psychology categories are often mixed or in some cases blurred. For example, a human factors psychologist might use a cognitive psychology theory. This could be described as human factor psychology or as applied cognitive psychology. When applied psychology is used in the treatment of behavioral disorders there are many experimental approaches to try and treat an individual. This type of psychology can be found in many of the subbranches in other fields of psychology.
Clinical psychology is an integration of human science, behavioral science, theory, and clinical knowledge for the purpose of understanding, preventing, and relieving psychologically-based distress or dysfunction and to promote subjective well-being and personal development. Central to its practice are psychological assessment, clinical formulation, and psychotherapy, although clinical psychologists also engage in research, teaching, consultation, forensic testimony, and program development and administration. In many countries, clinical psychology is a regulated mental health profession.
Counseling psychology is a psychological specialty that began with a focus on vocational counseling, but later moved its emphasis to adjustment counseling, and then expanded to cover all normal psychology psychotherapy. There are many subcategories for counseling psychology, such as marriage and family counseling, rehabilitation counseling, clinical mental health counseling, educational counseling, etc. In each setting, they are all required to follow the same guidelines.
The British Psychological Society (BPS) is a representative body for psychologists and psychology in the United Kingdom.
Health psychology is the study of psychological and behavioral processes in health, illness, and healthcare. The discipline is concerned with understanding how psychological, behavioral, and cultural factors contribute to physical health and illness. Psychological factors can affect health directly. For example, chronically occurring environmental stressors affecting the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, cumulatively, can harm health. Behavioral factors can also affect a person's health. For example, certain behaviors can, over time, harm or enhance health. Health psychologists take a biopsychosocial approach. In other words, health psychologists understand health to be the product not only of biological processes but also of psychological, behavioral, and social processes.
The Australian Psychological Society (APS) is one of two peak bodies for psychology in Australia. The APS claims more than 27,000 members, although this number likely includes non-financial members. The Society's Code of Ethics was adopted in 2007 and became the Code of Ethics for the profession in Australia in 2010 when it was taken up by the newly formed Psychology Board of Australia. The APS also provides members with recommendations of appropriate fees to charge for their professional services.
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References
- ↑ "Who we are". New Zealand Psychological Society. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
- ↑ "A special issue of the New Zealand Journal of Psychology focuses on disasters and the Canterbury earthquakes". American Psychological Association. March 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
- ↑ Manthei, Robert; Stanley, Peter; Gibson, Kerry (2004). "Counselling and Counselling Psychology in New Zealand: Similarities and Differences". New Zealand Journal of Counselling. 25 (1). ISSN 1171-0365.
- ↑ "From independence to professional registration: A timeline of activities" (PDF). New Zealand Psychological Society. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
- 1 2 Robertson, Neville; Masters-Awatere, Bridgette (2007). "Community Psychology in Aotearoa/New Zealand: Me Tiro Whakamuri a-Kia-Hangai Whakamua". International Community Psychology. Springer. pp. 140–163. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-49500-2_7.
- ↑ "Psychological Society". Vol. CVIII, no. 31751. The Press. 7 August 1968. p. 14 – via Papers Past.
- 1 2 3 4 Stanley, Peter; Manthei, Robert (2004). "Counselling psychology in New Zealand: The quest for identity and recognition". Counselling Psychology Quarterly. 17 (3): 301–315. doi:10.1080/09515070412331317594. ISSN 0951-5070.
- 1 2 Thompson, Tui (18 August 1978). "Plea for greater recognition of psychology profession". The Press. p. 5 – via Papers Past.
- ↑ "Psychologist to speak on safe driving". Vol. CXI, no. 30690. The Press. 20 August 1971. p. 14 – via Papers Past.
- ↑ "Official support for homosexual bill". Vol. CXIV, no. 33702. The Press. 27 November 1974. p. 2 – via Papers Past.
- 1 2 "Past Presidents of the New Zealand Psychological Society" (PDF). New Zealand Psychological Society. 2020. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
- ↑ "'Safety, sanity, at stake'". The Press. 24 August 1976. p. 5 – via Papers Past.
- ↑ "Our Constituent Organisations". Royal Society Te Apārangi . Retrieved 29 November 2022.
- ↑ Gridley, Heather; Fisher, Adrian T; Thomas, David R; Bishop, Brian (2007). "Development of community psychology in Australia and Aotearoa/New Zealand". Australian Psychologist. 42 (1): 15–22. doi:10.1080/00050060600817947. ISSN 0005-0067.
- ↑ "Member groups and branches". New Zealand Psychological Society. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
- ↑ Code of Ethics for Psychologists Working in Aotearoa/New Zealand (PDF) (Report). The New Zealand Psychological Society, New Zealand College of Clinical Psychologists, New Zealand Psychologists Board. 2008. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
- ↑ Freeman-Brown, Jane (2013). "Why keep offenders' secrets? The pros and cons of confidentiality". The New Zealand Corrections Journal. 1 (1): 18.
- ↑ Dixon, B. (23–24 August 1993). "Ethics systems in the New Zealand psychological society". In Nikora, L.W. (ed.). Cultural Justice and Ethics. Proceedings of a symposium held at the Annual Conference of the New Zealand Psychological Society. University of Victoria, Wellington. pp. 21–25.
- ↑ "Governance & Management". New Zealand Psychological Society. Archived from the original on 19 December 2019. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
- ↑ New Zealand Psychological Society (18 November 2022). "Psychologists Condemn Un-informed And Ineffective 'Boot Camp' Policy". Scoop. Retrieved 29 November 2021.
