Ngayap

Last updated

Ngayap (English: "wing") is a traditional courting practice that was historically observed within the Iban community of Borneo. This custom involves male members of the group engaging in nocturnal courtship to pursue relationships with the female virgins of the community. [1] [2] [3]

The purpose of Ngayap was to facilitate meetings between single men and women, providing them with the opportunity to express their feelings to potential partners. While this practice was accepted in the past, it is currently discouraged and should only be conducted in accordance with Iban customs and the way of life to prevent slanderous allegations against Iban culture.

According to tradition, men are permitted to meet with women for no more than three consecutive nights. If the visits persist, the woman's parents have the right to interview the man and assess the seriousness of his intentions in courting her. A sincere candidate is expected to inform the woman's parents of his intention to marry her, while non-serious candidates will have their visits immediately halted. If a male candidate continues nocturnal visits without reaching a decision, the woman's parental figures have the right to detain him, arrange a marriage, and then bring the matter to the attention of the Tuai Rumah (Sarawak longhouse chief) and the concerned longhouse residents.

In contemporary Iban life, the tradition and practice of Ngayap have faded away. Presently, interactions between single men and women occur during gatherings such as festivals, schools, institutions of higher learning, and workplaces. Ngayap is now just a small aspect of Iban cultural heritage. To prevent its misuse by newer generations, this practice is generally confined to the Iban community. Legal action, as stipulated in Section 132 of the Adat Iban of 1993, can be taken only in cases of violations or interference by others in this practice. [4]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dayak people</span> Indigenous ethnic group of Borneo

The Dayak or Dyak or Dayuh are one of the native groups of Borneo. It is a loose term for over 200 riverine and hill-dwelling ethnic groups, located principally in the central and southern interior of Borneo, each with its own dialect, customs, laws, territory, and culture, although common distinguishing traits are readily identifiable. The Dayak were animist in belief; however, since the 19th century there has been mass conversion to Christianity as well as Islam due to the spreading of Abrahamic religions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Longhouse</span> Type of house

A longhouse or long house is a type of long, proportionately narrow, single-room building for communal dwelling. It has been built in various parts of the world including Asia, Europe, and North America.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Baby shower</span> Prenatal celebration

A baby shower is a party centered on gift-giving to celebrate the delivery or expected birth of a child. It is a rite of passage that celebrates through giving gifts and spending time together.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iban people</span> Ethnic group from Borneo

The Ibans or Sea Dayaks are an Austronesian ethnic group indigenous to northwestern Borneo. The Ibans are also known as Sea Dayaks and the title Dayak was given by the British and the Dutch to various ethnic groups in Borneo island.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dusun people</span> Indigenous ethnic group of Sabah

Dusun is the collective name of an indigenous ethnic group to the Malaysian state of Sabah of North Borneo. Collectively, they form the largest ethnic group in Sabah. The Dusun people have been internationally recognised as indigenous to Borneo since 2004 as per the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gawai Dayak</span> Harvest festival in Malaysia

Gawai Dayak is an annual festival and a public holiday celebrated by the Dayak people in Sarawak, Malaysia on 1 and 2 June. Sarawak Day is now celebrated on July 22 every year. Gawai Dayak was conceived of by the radio producers Tan Kingsley and Owen Liang and then taken up by the Dayak community. The British colonial government refused to recognise Dayak Day until 1962. They called it Sarawak Day for the inclusion of all Sarawakians as a national day, regardless of ethnic origin. It is both a religious and a social occasion recognised since 1957.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bride kidnapping</span> Practice in which someone abducts the person they wish to marry

Bride kidnapping, also known as marriage by abduction or marriage by capture, is a practice in which a man abducts and rapes the woman he wishes to marry.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Punan Bah</span> Ethnic group from Borneo

Punan Bah or Punan is an ethnic group found in Sarawak, Malaysia and in Kalimantan, Indonesia. The Punan Bah people are distinct and unrelated to the semi-nomadic Penan people. Their name stems from two rivers along the banks of which they have been living since time immemorial. They have other names including Mikuang Bungulan or Mikuang and Aveang Buan but those are used only ritually nowadays.

<i>The Sleeping Dictionary</i> 2003 film by Guy Jenkin

The Sleeping Dictionary is a 2003 British-American romantic drama film written and directed by Guy Jenkin and starring Hugh Dancy, Jessica Alba, Brenda Blethyn, Emily Mortimer, and Bob Hoskins. The film is about a young Englishman who is sent to Sarawak, Malaysia, in the 1930s to become part of the British colonial government. There he encounters some unorthodox local traditions, and finds himself faced with tough decisions of the heart involving a beautiful young local woman who becomes the object of his affections. The Sleeping Dictionary was filmed on location in Sarawak.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ala kachuu</span> Form of bride kidnapping in Kyrgyzstan

Ala kachuu is a form of bride kidnapping practiced in Kyrgyzstan. The term can apply to a variety of actions, ranging from a consensual elopement to a non-consensual kidnapping, and to what extent it actually happens is controversial. Some sources suggest that currently at least a third of Kyrgyzstan's brides are taken against their will.

Widow inheritance is a cultural and social practice whereby a widow is required to marry a male relative of her late husband, often his brother. The practice is more commonly referred as a levirate marriage, examples of which can be found in ancient and biblical times.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kenyah people</span> Indigenous people of Borneo

The Kenyah people are an indigenous, Austronesian-speaking people of Borneo, living in interior North and East Kalimantan, Indonesia and Sarawak, Malaysia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Balkan sworn virgins</span> Women who take a vow of chastity and wear male clothing in Balkan society

Balkan sworn virgins are people who are assigned female at birth and who take a vow of chastity and live as men in patriarchal northern Albanian society, Kosovo and Montenegro. To a lesser extent, the practice exists, or has existed, in other parts of the western Balkans, including Bosnia, Dalmatia (Croatia), Serbia and North Macedonia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Courtship in the Philippines</span> Forms of courtship commonly practiced in the Philippines

Traditional courtship in the Philippines is described as a "far more subdued and indirect" approach compared to Western or Westernized cultures. It involves "phases" or "stages" inherent to Philippine society and culture. Evident in courtship in the Philippines is the practice of singing romantic love songs, reciting poems, writing letters, and gift-giving. This respect extends to the Filipina's family members. The proper rules and standards in traditional Filipino courtship are set by Philippine society.

Sarawak's population is very diverse, comprising many races and ethnic groups. Sarawak has more than 40 sub-ethnic groups, each with its own distinct language, culture and lifestyle. This makes Sarawak demography very distinct and unique compared to its Peninsular counterpart. However, it largely mirrors to other territories in Borneo - Sabah, Brunei and Kalimantan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Adat perpatih</span>

Adat Perpatih are customary laws which originated in the Minangkabau Highlands in Sumatra, Indonesia. It was founded by a Minangkabau leader named Sutan Balun, more famously known as Dato Perpatih Nan Sebatang. In Malaysia, Adat Perpatih is a combination of practices and rules of life for the Minangkabau people and other aborigins such as Semang, the Temuan people, the Bersisi people and the Jakun people, who were mainly farmers at that time. Over time, this custom has been practiced by many other ethnic groups, especially in Negeri Sembilan, including part of Malacca, in particular of Masjid Tanah, and part of Johor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ngajat</span> The traditional dance of Iban people.

Ngajat is popular family of dances among the Iban people in Sarawak, Malaysia. It's also popular in Brunei and West Kalimantan, Indonesia. In 2007, Ngajat was recognized as Intangible Cultural Heritage in Malaysia by Minister of Culture, Arts and Heritage.

Sarawak exhibits notable diversity in ethnicity, culture, and language. The Sarawakian culture has been influenced by Bruneian Malays of the coastal areas. Substantial cultural influences also came from the Chinese and British cultures.

The Ibans or Sea Dayaks are a branch of the Dayak people on the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia. It is believed that the term "Iban" was originally from the Kayan Language. "Iban" or "Hivan" means human or person.

Courtship practices in the United States changed gradually throughout its history. As the United States transitioned from primarily rural colonies to cities, and then expanded its territory across the continent as major waves of immigration increased the size of the population, developments in transportation, communication, education, industrialization, and the economy contributed to the emergence of a national culture that influenced how young people met, interacted, and married.

References

  1. Jensen, Erik (2013-07-30). Where Hornbills Fly: A Journey with the Headhunters of Borneo. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN   978-1-78076-774-1.
  2. "Iban Studies: Their Contributions to Social Theory and the Ethnography of Other Borneo Societies". www.gnappell.org. Retrieved 2023-11-26.
  3. uwa1971 (2013-04-09). "Adat ngayap and nguai". Ibanology. Retrieved 2023-11-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  4. Sandin, Benedict; Sather, Clifford (1980). Iban Adat and Augury. Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia for School of Comparative Social Sciences. p. 69.