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Philosophy of religion is "the philosophical examination of the central themes and concepts involved in religious traditions". Philosophical discussions on such topics date from ancient times, and appear in the earliest known texts concerning philosophy. The field is related to many other branches of philosophy, including metaphysics, epistemology, logic and ethics.
The problem of evil is the question of how to reconcile the existence of evil and suffering with an omnipotent, omnibenevolent, and omniscient God. There are currently differing definitions of these concepts. The best known presentation of the problem is attributed to the Greek philosopher Epicurus. It was popularized by David Hume.
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The existence of God is a subject of debate in theology and the philosophy of religion. A wide variety of arguments for and against the existence of God can be categorized as logical, empirical, metaphysical, subjective or scientific. In philosophical terms, the question of the existence of God involves the disciplines of epistemology and ontology and the theory of value.
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Atheism, in the broadest sense, is an absence of belief in the existence of deities. Less broadly, atheism is a rejection of the belief that any deities exist. In an even narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there are no deities. Atheism is contrasted with theism, which in its most general form is the belief that at least one deity exists.
Agnostic atheism or atheistic agnosticism is a philosophical position that encompasses both atheism and agnosticism. Agnostic atheists are atheistic because they do not hold a belief in the existence of any deity and are agnostic because they claim that the existence of a divine entity or entities is either unknowable in principle or currently unknown in fact.
The term New Atheism describes the positions of some atheist academics, writers, scientists, and philosophers of the 20th and 21st centuries. New Atheism advocates the view that superstition, religion, and irrationalism should not simply be tolerated. Instead, they advocate the antitheist view that the various forms of theism should be criticised, countered, examined, and challenged by rational argument, especially when they exert strong influence on the broader society, such as in government, education, and politics. Major figures of New Atheism include Richard Dawkins, Sam Harris, Christopher Hitchens and Daniel Dennett, collectively referred to as the "four horsemen" of the movement, as well as Ayaan Hirsi Ali until her conversion to Christianity in 2023.
The Copleston–Russell debate is an exchange concerning the existence of God between Frederick Copleston and Bertrand Russell broadcast on the BBC Third Programme on 28 January 1948 and again in April 1959. The debate centers on two points: the metaphysical and moral arguments for the existence of God. According to Graham Oppy and Nick Trakakis, the arguments used in this debate would typify the arguments presented by theists and atheists in the latter half of the 20th century, with Russell's approach often being used by atheists in the late 20th century.
References
- 1 2 3 "Nick Everitt's Homepage". Retrieved 12 February 2021.
- ↑ Rice, Hugh (2005). "Reviewed Work: The Non-Existence of God by Nicholas Everitt". The Philosophical Quarterly . 55 (221): 692–693.
- 1 2 3 Davison, Scott A. (2007). "Reviewed Work: The Non-Existence of God by Nicholas Everitt". International Journal for Philosophy of Religion. 61 (2): 127–129. doi:10.1007/s11153-007-9116-y. S2CID 170168758.
- ↑ "The Non-Existence of God". Routledge. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
- 1 2 Tiller, Glenn (2006). "The Non-Existence of God by Nicholas Everitt". Dialogue: Canadian Philosophical Review . 45 (4): 777–779. doi:10.1017/S0012217300001335. S2CID 170979670.
- ↑ "The Non-Existence of God: An Introduction". Internet Infidels. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
- ↑ "Reasoning Away God". New Humanist. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
