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Nilda (Nena) Peragallo Montano is the Dean and Professor of the University of North Carolina School of Nursing in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. She specializes in Women’s and Public Health a special focus on HIV/AIDS prevention in Latino Women.
BS, Nursing, University of Chile, 1974.
MS, Nursing, West Virginia University, 1979.
Dr. PH, Public Health, University of Texas, 1984.
Acosta, E., & Peragallo, N. P. (2001). Looking forward, looking back: A qualitative analysis of a focus group of HIV positive Latinas. Revista Interamericana de Psicología/Interamericano Journal of Psychology, 35(2), 167–181
Cianelli, R., Ferrer, L., & Peragallo, N. P. (2003). A concept analysis of empowerment: Its relationship to HIV/AIDS prevention in Latino women. Hispanic Health Care International, 2(1), 6–12
Ferrer, L. M., Cianelli, R., Peragallo, N. P., & Cabieses, B. (2004). Violencia doméstica y su relación con depresión y autoestima en mujeres mexicanas y puertorriqueñas en Estados Unidos. Horizonte de enfermería, 15, 11–22
Kim, Y. J., Peragallo, N. P., & DeForge, B. (2006). Predictors of program participation in an HIV risk reduction intervention for low-income Latino women. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 527–534
Lee, S., Kim, Y. J., & Peragallo, N. P. (2003). Missing data in nursing research: Review of issues and treatment strategies. Hispanic Health Care International, 2(1), 31–38
Peragallo, N. P., DeForge, B., O’Campo, P., & Lee, S. (2002). SEPA: HIV risk reduction intervention for US Latinas. Abstract of the XIV International AIDS Conference, Barcelona, Spain, 159
Peragallo, N. P., DeForge, B., O’Campo, P., Lee, S., & Kim, Y. J. (2002). Developing a culturally sensitive HIV risk reduction intervention in Latinas. Abstract of 13TH International nursing Research Congress of Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing, Queensland, Australia, 223
Peragallo, N. P., DeForge, B., O’Campo, P., Lee, S., Kim, Y. J., Cianelli, R., & Ferrer, L. (2005). A randomized clinical trial of an HIV risk reduction intervention among low-income Latina women. Nursing Research, 54(2), 108–118
Peragallo, N. P., DeForge, B., Rivero, R., Khoury, Z., & Talashek, M. (2002). Latinas’ perspective on HIV/AIDS: Cultural issues to consider in prevention. Hispanic Health Care International, 1(1), 11-23
Peragallo, N. P., Fox, P.G., & Alba, M. (2000). Acculturation and self-breast examination among immigrant Latino women in the United States. International Nursing Review, 47(1), 38–45
Peragallo, N. P. & Gonzalez, R. (in press). Nursing research and the prevention of infectious disease among vulnerable populations. In D. Konniak-Griffin (Ed), Annual Review of Nursing Research
America Red Cross Spectrum Award Honoree, 2007
Named Ambassador in the Paul G. Rogers Society for Global Health Research at Research, America, 2006
Named "Health Care Hero" by Greater Miami Chamber of Commerce, (2006, March)
Hispanic Magazine Top Latinas for 2004, Recognized as One of the Nation's Most Successful Latinas in 2004
Hispanic Health Leadership Award, National Hispanic Medical Association's Eighth Annual Conference, "Hispanic Health Strategies, 2004
Visiting Professor, School of Nursing, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, (2003–present)
Visiting Scholar, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, School of Nursing, (2003, January)
Selected as a Fellow for the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) Leadership for Academic Nursing Program, 2002
Ildaura Murillo – Rhode Excellence in Education Award, National Association of Hispanic Nurses, 2001
Sigma Theta Tau International Nursing Honor Society, 1986
The AIDS epidemic, caused by HIV, found its way to the United States as early as 1960, but was first noticed after doctors discovered clusters of Kaposi's sarcoma and pneumocystis pneumonia in homosexual men in Los Angeles, New York City, and San Francisco in 1981. Treatment of HIV/AIDS is primarily via the use of multiple antiretroviral drugs, and education programs to help people avoid infection.
In high risk populations, male circumcision has been shown to reduce the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission from HIV+ women to men. In 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) reiterated that male circumcision is an efficacious intervention for HIV prevention if carried out by medical professionals under safe conditions. Circumcision reduces the risk that a man will acquire HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) from an infected female partner through vaginal sex. The evidence regarding whether circumcision helps prevent HIV is not as clear among men who have sex with men (MSM). The effectiveness of using circumcision to prevent HIV in the developed world is not determined.
HIV/AIDS has been a public health concern for Latin America due to a remaining prevalence of the disease. In 2018 an estimated 2.2 million people had HIV in Latin America and the Caribbean, making the HIV prevalence rate approximately 0.4% in Latin America.
Marianismo is an aspect of the female gender role in Hispanic American folk cultures, strictly intertwined with machismo and Roman Catholicism. It revolves around the veneration for feminine virtues like interpersonal harmony, inner strength, self-sacrifice, family, chastity, and morality among Hispanic women. The ideas within marianismo include those of feminine passivity, sexual purity, and self-silencing. Evelyn Stevens states: [I]t teaches that women are semi-divine, morally superior to and spiritually stronger than men."
A syndemic or synergistic epidemic is the aggregation of two or more concurrent or sequential epidemics or disease clusters in a population with biological interactions, which exacerbate the prognosis and burden of disease. The term was developed by Merrill Singer in the early 1990s to call attention to the synergistic nature of the health and social problems facing the poor and underserved. Syndemics develop under health disparity, caused by poverty, stress, or structural violence and are studied by epidemiologists and medical anthropologists concerned with public health, community health and the effects of social conditions on health.
The Hispanic Health Council (HHC) was established in 1978 in response to the health care crisis in the Puerto Rican community. HHC is a nationally recognized community-based research, service, training, and advocacy organization. It is committed to developing and providing a comprehensive approach to improving the health and social well-being of Latinos and other low-income inner city populations.
According to experts, the total number of individuals with HIV was estimated in 2016 to be between 0.85 and 1.5 million. As for 2016, the prevalence of HIV in adult people was between 0.8 and 1%, and according to the UN, Russia had one of the fastest growing HIV/AIDS epidemics in the world. Approximately 95,000 Russians were diagnosed with HIV in 2015, and approximately 75,000 in the first nine months of 2016. Stigma surrounding the disease, and government indifference have contributed to the crisis. As of 2016 the HIV/AIDS epidemic, despite successes with intravenous drug users, was poised to move into the general population of sexually active young people.
HIV/AIDS in Eswatini was first reported in 1986 but has since reached epidemic proportions. As of 2016, Eswatini had the highest prevalence of HIV among adults aged 15 to 49 in the world (27.2%).
Mozambique is a country particularly hard-hit by the HIV/AIDS epidemic. According to 2008 UNAIDS estimates, this southeast African nation has the 8th highest HIV rate in the world. With 1,600,000 Mozambicans living with HIV, 990,000 of which are women and children, Mozambique's government realizes that much work must be done to eradicate this infectious disease. To reduce HIV/AIDS within the country, Mozambique has partnered with numerous global organizations to provide its citizens with augmented access to antiretroviral therapy and prevention techniques, such as condom use. A surge toward the treatment and prevention of HIV/AIDS in women and children has additionally aided in Mozambique's aim to fulfill its Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Nevertheless, HIV/AIDS has made a drastic impact on Mozambique; individual risk behaviors are still greatly influenced by social norms, and much still needs to be done to address the epidemic and provide care and treatment to those in need.
Cases of HIV/AIDS in Peru are considered to have reached the level of a concentrated epidemic. According to a population-based survey conducted in Peru’s 24 largest cities in 2002, adult HIV prevalence was estimated to be less than 1 percent. The survey demonstrated that cases are unevenly distributed in the country, affecting mostly young people between the ages of 25 and 34. As of July 2010, the cumulative reported number of persons infected with HIV was 41,638, and there were 26,566 cases of AIDS, according to the Ministry of Health (MOH), and the male/female ratio for AIDS diagnoses in 2009 was 3.02 to 1. The Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) estimates 76,000 Peruvians are HIV-positive, meaning that many people at risk do not know their status. There were 3,300 deaths due to AIDS in Peru in 2007, down from 5,600 deaths in 2005.
The affected community is composed of people who are living with HIV and AIDS, plus individuals whose lives are directly influenced by HIV infection. This originally was defined as young to middle aged adults who associate with being gay or bisexual men, and or injection drug users. HIV-affected community is a community that is affected directly or indirectly affected by HIV. These communities are usually influenced by HIV and undertake risky behaviours that lead to a higher chance of HIV infection. To date HIV infection is still one of the leading cause of deaths around the world with an estimate of 36.8 million people diagnosed with HIV by the end of 2017, but there can particular communities that are more vulnerable to HIV infection, these communities include certain races, gender, minorities, and disadvantaged communities. One of the most common communities at risk is the gay community as it is commonly transmitted through unsafe sex. The main factor that contributes to HIV infection within the gay/bisexual community is that gay men do not use protection when performing anal sex or other sexual activities which can lead to a higher risk of HIV infections. Another community will be people diagnosed with mental health issues, such as depression is one of the most common related mental illnesses associated with HIV infection. HIV testing is an essential role in reducing HIV infection within communities as it can lead to prevention and treatment of HIV infections but also helps with early diagnosis of HIV. Educating young people in a community with the knowledge of HIV prevention will be able to help decrease the prevalence within the community. As education is an important source for development in many areas. Research has shown that people more at risk for HIV are part of disenfranchised and inner city populations as drug use and sexually transmitted diseases(STDs) are more prevalent. People with mental illnesses that inhibit making decisions or overlook sexual tendencies are especially at risk for contracting HIV.
A promotora is a lay Hispanic/Latino community member who receives specialized training to provide basic health education in the community without being a professional health care worker. While most of their work entails educating target audiences about health issues affecting their community they also provide guidance in accessing community resources associated with health care. Often promotoras are residents and identified leaders in their community who work for community-based health promotion projects or as part of a research group. Thus, promotoras serve as liaisons between their community, health professionals, human and social service organizations. As liaisons, they often play the roles of an advocate, educator, mentor, outreach worker, role model, and interpreter.
HIV prevention refers to practices that aim to prevent the spread of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV prevention practices may be undertaken by individuals to protect their own health and the health of those in their community, or may be instituted by governments and community-based organizations as public health policies.
Low-threshold treatment programs are harm reduction-based health care centers targeted towards people who use substances. "Low-threshold" programs are programs that make minimal demands on the patient, offering services without attempting to control their intake of drugs, and providing counselling only if requested. Low-threshold programs may be contrasted with "high-threshold" programs, which require the user to accept a certain level of control and which demand that the patient accept counselling and cease all drug use as a precondition of support.
Sheldon D. Fields Ph.D., RN, FNP-BC, AACRN, FAANP, FNAP, FAAN FNP-BC, is a Registered Professional Nurse, Family Nurse Practitioner, educator, researcher, health policy analyst, and nurse entrepreneur who is known for his work in the field of behavioral health research specializing in the area of HIV/AIDS prevention.
Jean J. Schensul is a medical anthropologist and senior scientist at The Institute for Community Research, in Hartford, Connecticut. Dr. Schensul is most notable for her research on HIV/AIDS prevention and other health-related research in the United States, as well as her extensive writing on ethnographic research methods. She has made notable contributions to the field of applied anthropology, with her work on structural interventions to health disparities leading to the development of new organizations, community research partnerships, and community/university associations. Schensul’s work has been dedicated to community-based research on topics such as senior health, education, and substance abuse, among others.
Proyecto ContraSIDA por Vida was a non-profit HIV-prevention agency located in the Mission District of San Francisco that provided community-based healthcare for the Latino/a and LGBT communities. It was one of several community-based health organizations that emerged in response to the AIDS crisis. Proyecto ContraSIDA por Vida emerged from a variety of organizations that aimed at reducing the spread of HIV in communities of color. Some of the predecessor organizations of PCPV were the National Task Force on AIDS Prevention (NTFAP), the Gay Latino Alliance (GALA), and Community United in Responding to AIDS/SIDA (CURAS), among others. Some of the leaders who came together to create PCPV included Ricardo Bracho, Diane Felix, Jesse Johnson, Hector León, Reggie Williams, and Martín Ornellas-Quintero.
Wendee M. Wechsberg is an American social science researcher. Wechsberg's research focuses on developing and testing the efficacy of HIV prevention interventions among key populations of substance abusers globally. She is a recognized expert in the fields of substance abuse, gender inequality, and HIV. She developed the Women's CoOp intervention, a woman-focused behavioral HIV intervention that incorporates gender- and culture-specific skills training. Wechsberg is a Principal Researcher and Director of the Substance Use, Gender, and Applied Research (SUGAR) Program at RTI International and Director of the RTI Global Gender Center. She is also Adjunct Professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC) Gillings School of Global Public Health, Adjunct Professor of Psychology at North Carolina State University (NCSU), and Adjunct Professor in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Duke University School of Medicine.
Risky sexual behavior is the description of the activity that will increase the probability that a person engaging in sexual activity with another person infected with a sexually transmitted infection will be infected or become pregnant, or make a partner pregnant. It can mean two similar things: the behavior itself, the description of the partner's behavior. The behavior could be unprotected vaginal, oral, or anal intercourse. The partner could be a nonexclusive partner, HIV-positive, or an person who injects substances. Substance use is associated with risky sexual behaviors.
Jeffrey T. Parsons is an American psychologist, researcher, and educator; he was a Distinguished Professor of Psychology at Hunter College and The Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY) and was the Director of Hunter College’s Center for HIV/AIDS Educational Studies & Training, which he founded in 1996. Parsons was trained as a developmental psychologist and applied this training to understand health, with a particular emphasis on HIV prevention and treatment. He was known for his research on HIV risk behaviors of gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM), HIV-related syndemics, and sexual compulsivity. He resigned his positions at CUNY on July 3, 2019, following a year-long university investigation of misconduct allegations against him.
