Northern resident orcas, also known as northern resident killer whales (NRKW), are one of four separate, non-interbreeding communities of the exclusively fish-eating ecotype of orca in the northeast portion of the North Pacific Ocean. They live primarily off the coast of British Columbia (BC), Canada, and also travel to southeastern Alaska and northern Washington state in the United States. The northern resident population consists of three clans (A, G, R) that consists of several pods with one or more matrilines within each pod. The northern residents are genetically distinct from the southern resident orcas and their calls are also quite distinct. [1]
Date | A Clan | G Clan | R Clan | Total | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2020 | 172 | 96 | 57 | 325 | [2] |
2021 | 175 | 98 | 59 | 332 | [3] |
Like the Southern residents, the Northern residents live in groups of matrilines. A typical Northern resident matriline group consists of an elder female, her offspring, and the offspring of her daughters. Both males and female orcas remain within their natal matriline for life. [4] Matrilines have a tendency to split apart over time. [3] Pods consists of related matrilines that tend to travel, forage, socialize, and rest together. Each pod has a unique dialect of acoustic calls. Pods that share one or more certain calls belong to a common clan. [4]
In the summer months the Northern residents can often be observed swimming close to shores of Johnstone Strait and positioning their stomachs to rub themselves on beach pebbles. More than 90% of the Northern resident population observed in Johnstone Strait visit these rubbing beaches. [4] They emit certain and specific calls more frequently while engaging in this activity. [5] Although it is not clear why they engage in this activity, beach rubbing has been identified as an important activity to the culture of the entire Northern resident community. [4] This behaviour was originally thought to be unique to the Northern resident community; however, the Southern Alaska resident killer whales have also been observed beach rubbing. [6]
The Northern residents have been seen as far south as Gray's Harbor, Washington and as far north as Glacier Bay, Alaska. From spring until mid-summer, the Northern residents are commonly found in Chatham Sound near the BC–Alaska ocean border and in Caamaño Sound between Haida Gwaii and the BC mainland. From June until October, they are commonly found in Johnstone Strait. [1] The habitat of the Northern residents overlaps with the Southern residents; however, the two types of orcas have never been observed together.
Members of A clan have been the most commonly sighted whales off northeastern Vancouver Island, whereas G clan is most commonly sighted off the west coast of Vancouver Island, and members of R clan are most commonly sighted in the northern parts of the community's range. [7]
In 2008, the Canadian Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries designated the waters of Johnstone Strait and southeastern Queen Charlotte Strait as critical habitat and legally protected under a Critical Habitat Order. [8] In 2018, the western part of the Dixon Entrance along the north coast of Graham Island from Langara Island to Rose Spit was also identified as critical habitat for the Northern residents. [9]
This is a list of northern resident orca pods that live off the coast of British Columbia, Canada, as of March 2013. [10]
Pod | Matrilines | Individuals | Notable members | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
A Clan | ||||
A1 | 3 | 20 | Stubbs (A1)*, Nicola (A2)*, Tsitika (A30)* | See main article |
A4 | 3 | 15 | Yakat (A11)*, Kelsy (A24), Siwiti (A48)*, Springer (A73) | See main article |
A5 | 3 | 10 | Top Notch (A5)*, Eve (A9)*, Sharky (A25)*, Corky (A16) | See main article |
B1 | 1 | 6 | Hooker (B1)* | Used to have a large proportion of males |
C1 | 2 | 16 | Namu (C1)* | Its two matrilines most often travel separately |
D1 | 2 | 12 | Wrap Fin (D1)* | Its two matrilines are most often encountered together |
H1 | 1 | 5 | Has been encountered infrequently | |
I1 | 1 | 18 | Has been encountered very infrequently | |
I2 | 1 | 3 | Has been encountered very infrequently | |
I18 | 2 | 24 | ||
G Clan | ||||
G1 | 4 | 34 | ||
G12 | 2 | 16 | ||
I11 | 2 | 26 | ||
I31 | 2 | 10 | ||
R Clan | ||||
R1 | 4 | 38 | Spans a record five generations | |
W1 | 1 | 4 | Was quickly found to be a dying matriline due to the only female and matriarch, W3 ""Nebohannah", being post-reproductive. Died out in 2018 when the last member, Nebohannah herself, was declared deceased |
Asterisk indicates deceased member.
The orca, or killer whale, is a toothed whale that is the largest member of the oceanic dolphin family. It is the only extant species in the genus Orcinus. Orcas are recognizable by their black-and-white patterned body. A cosmopolitan species, orcas are found in diverse marine environments, from Arctic to Antarctic regions to tropical seas.
Cetacean intelligence is the overall intelligence and derived cognitive ability of aquatic mammals belonging in the infraorder Cetacea (cetaceans), including baleen whales, porpoises, and dolphins. In 2014, a study found for first time that the long-finned pilot whale has more neocortical neurons than any mammal studied to date, including humans.
Orcinus is a genus of Delphinidae, the family of carnivorous marine mammals known as dolphins. It includes the largest delphinid species, Orcinus orca, known as the orca or killer whale. Two extinct species are recognised, Orcinus paleorca and O. citoniensis, describing fossilised remains of the genus. The other extinct species O. meyeri is disputed.
A5 Pod is a name given to a group of orcas found off the coast of British Columbia, Canada. It is part of the northern resident population of orcas - a name given to the fish-eating orcas found in coastal waters ranging from mid-Vancouver Island in British Columbia up through Haida Gwaii and into the southeastern portions of Alaska. The orcas of the Northern Resident community are divided into vocally distinctive clans known as the A clan, the G clan, and the R clan. Members of the A5 Pod belong to the A clan. As of 2013, A5 Pod consisted of 10 members.
The Salish Sea is a marginal sea of the Pacific Ocean located in the Canadian province of British Columbia and the U.S. state of Washington. It includes the Strait of Georgia, the Strait of Juan de Fuca, Puget Sound, and an intricate network of connecting channels and adjoining waterways.
L98 Luna also known as Tsux'iit, was a killer whale (orca) born in Puget Sound. After being separated from his mother while still young, Luna spent five years in Nootka Sound, an ocean inlet of western Vancouver Island, where he had extensive human contact and became recognized internationally.
Springer, officially named A73, is a wild orca from the Northern Resident Community of orcas, which frequents the waters off the northern part of Vancouver Island every summer. In January 2002, Springer, then a calf developmentally equivalent to a human toddler, was discovered alone and emaciated some 250 miles from the territory of her family. Experts identified Springer by her vocal calls that are specific to her family, or "pod," and by examining photographs of her eye patch. They were also able to determine where Springer's pod was currently located.
The A30 matriline is the name given to the most commonly seen orca matriline in British Columbia. The matriline is currently made of 3 generations, with a total of 12 individuals. It is one of the 3 matrilines in A1 pod, one of the 10 pods of the A-clan. The matriline was present in over 60% of all of the encounters in the Johnstone Strait region, making it one of the best known matrilines. The group's size has increased, from 6 in the mid-1970s to 10 as of 2013 then 12 in 2017. It is most frequently seen in Johnstone Strait from late spring to early fall, often traveling with other pods of the Northern Resident Community.
Dozens of orcas are held in captivity for breeding or performance purposes. The practice of capturing and displaying orcas in exhibitions began in the 1960s, and they soon became popular attractions at public aquariums and aquatic theme parks due to their intelligence, trainability, striking appearance, playfulness, and sheer size. As of 1 January 2024, around 59 orcas are in captivity worldwide, 35 of which were captive-born. At that time, there were 18 orcas in the SeaWorld parks.
A4 pod is a killer whale family in British Columbia. As of March 2013, it consists of three matrilines and 15 members and is the family of Springer, the first orca to be successfully reintroduced to the wild after being handled by humans. A4 pod is part of the northern resident orcas found in coastal waters ranging from mid-Vancouver Island to southeastern Alaska up through Haida Gwaii. The community is made up of three clans known as A, G and R clans, each possessing a distinctive dialect and consisting of several related pods. A4 pod belongs to the biggest clan, A clan.
Michael Andrew Bigg was an English-born Canadian marine biologist who is recognized as the founder of modern research on killer whales. With his colleagues, he developed new techniques for studying killer whales and, off British Columbia and Washington, conducted the first population census of the animals anywhere in the world. Bigg's work in wildlife photo-identification enabled the longitudinal study of individual killer whales, their travel patterns, and their social relationships in the wild, and revolutionized the study of cetaceans.
The southern resident orcas, also known as the southern resident killer whales (SRKW), are the smallest of four communities of the exclusively fish-eating ecotype of orca in the northeast Pacific Ocean. The southern resident orcas form a closed society with no emigration or dispersal of individuals, and no gene flow with other orca populations. The fish-eating ecotype was historically given the name 'resident,' but other ecotypes named 'transient' and 'offshore' are also resident in the same area.
A1 pod is a killer whale family in British Columbia. It currently consists of 3 matrilines and 20 members and is the most commonly encountered pod in the Northern resident killer whale community. This community is found in coastal waters ranging from mid-Vancouver Island up through the Queen Charlotte Islands, although A1 pod has yet to be seen this far north. The community is made up of three clans known as A, G and R clans, each possessing a distinctive dialect and consisting of several related pods. A1 pod belongs to the biggest clan, A clan.
Alexandra Bryant Hubbard Morton is an American and Canadian marine biologist best known for her 30-year study of wild killer whales in the Broughton Archipelago in British Columbia. Since the 1990s, her work has shifted toward the study of the impact of salmon farming on Canadian wild salmon.
Granny, also known as J2, was a female orca of the J pod of southern resident orcas notable for her long life. Early estimates placed her birth in 1911, putting her at 105 years old at the time of her death. However, this estimate was later theorized to have been based on mistaken information and more recent studies put her at 65–80 years old. If she was 105, she would have been the oldest known orca at the time of her death. Granny lived in the northeast Pacific Ocean and coastal bays of Washington state and British Columbia. She was last seen on October 12, 2016, and was considered deceased by The Center for Whale Research in January 2017.
Lance Barrett-Lennard is a Canadian biologist specializing in the behavioural ecology and population biology of killer whales. A molecular geneticist, Barrett-Lennard uses DNA analysis to study the dispersal, mating habits, and group structure of killer whale sub-populations in the Pacific Northwest. He is best known for his research concerning the conservation of the Southern Resident killer whale sub-population. As of 2022, he is a Senior Scientist in the Cetacean Conservation Research Program at the Raincoast Conservation Foundation.
Orcas or killer whales have a cosmopolitan distribution and several distinct populations or types have been documented or suggested. Three to five types of orcas may be distinct enough to be considered different races, subspecies, or possibly even species. The IUCN reported in 2008, "The taxonomy of this genus is clearly in need of review, and it is likely that O. orca will be split into a number of different species or at least subspecies over the next few years." Although large variation in the ecological distinctiveness of different orca groups complicate simple differentiation into types. Mammal-eating orcas in different regions were long thought likely to be closely related, but genetic testing has refuted this hypothesis.
Eva Lucia Saulitis was an American marine biologist and poet, based in Alaska.
Moby Doll, who in 1964 in British Columbia became the second ever captive orca, was the first orca to be studied scientifically at close quarters alive.
The waters of the Salish Sea, on the west coast of North America, are home to several ecologically different populations of orcas. Primarily found in these nearshore waters are three major ecotypes: northern residents, southern residents, and transients. A fourth population, the offshore orcas, occasionally venture into nearshore waters as well. The different ecotypes are so named due to the fact that little direct interaction occurs between them; neither resident nor transient orcas have been observed to interbreed with one another, though occasional brief interactions do occur.