| Nyancho | |
|---|---|
| Country | |
| Founded | 1240 (approx.) |
| Founder | Tiramakhan Traore |
| Final ruler | Janke Wali |
| Estate(s) | Kaabu |
| Deposition | 1867 |
The Nyancho (also spelled Nyantio, Ñaanco, Nyanthio or Nyanco) were a royal maternal dynasty that ruled the West African empire of Kaabu.
The Nyancho's legendary origins begin with a Mandinka woman named Balaba, or in some versions Tenemba. She fled the Manding region to Mampatim, at the time the center of a Bainuk kingdom, and took shelter in a cave. [1] : 258, 271 Pregnant at the time of her arrival, the local population took her for a djinn or sorceress as there was no man living with her. She gave birth to three daughters who were then married to the three sons of Tiramakhan Traore, who had led a powerful force to incorporate the area into the Mali Empire. The Nyancho were the maternal descendants of these three couples. They could therefore claim legitimacy through conquest, the Mandinka patrilineal inheritance system, and local Bainuk matrilineal traditions. [2] : 2
The term 'Nyancho' is derived from the Mandinka phrase I nyon ten, meaning 'you have no equal. [1] : 278
Traore's three sons and their descendants ruled Kaabu's royal provinces (or constituent kingdoms) of Jimara, Pacana, and Sama, alternating the mansaya (overall kingship) between them. [1] : 277
The Nyancho ruling class, warrior-elites made rich war and slave raiding, were part of either the Manneh and Sanneh paternal lineages. Only those descended from Nyancho bloodlines on both sides could be elected mansa of Kaabu. [3]
The region now known as Guinea-Bissau has been inhabited for thousands of years. In the 13th century, it became a province of the Mali Empire that later became independent as the Empire of Kaabu. The region was claimed by Portugal beginning in the 1450s. During most of this period, Portuguese control of the region was limited to a number of forts along the coast. Portugal gained full control of the mainland after the pacification campaigns of 1912–15. The offshore Bijago islands were not colonised until 1936. After independence in 1974, the country was controlled by a single-party system until 1991. The introduction of multi-party politics in 1991, brought the first multi-party elections in 1994. A civil war broke out from 1998 to 1999.
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