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A zoonosis or zoonotic disease is an infectious disease of humans caused by a pathogen that can jump from a non-human to a human and vice versa.
The University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine is the largest veterinary school in the United States. Established in 1948, the school is the primary health resource for California's various animal populations. In 2020, the school was again ranked No. 1 in the United States by U.S. News & World Report and in 2022, ranked No. 2 in the world by QS World University Rankings. The school is located in the southwest corner of the main campus of the University of California, Davis. The current Dean of Veterinary Medicine is Dr. Mark Stetter.
UC Davis Medical Center is part of UC Davis Health and a major academic health center located in Sacramento, California. It is owned and operated by the University of California as part of its University of California, Davis campus. The medical center sits on a 142-acre (57 ha) campus located between the Elmhurst, Tahoe Park, and Oak Park residential neighborhoods. The site incorporates the land and some of the buildings of the former Sacramento Medical Center as well as much of the land previously occupied by the California State Fair until its 1967 move to a new location.
EcoHealth Alliance is a US-based non-governmental organization with a stated mission of protecting people, animals, and the environment from emerging infectious diseases. The nonprofit is focused on research that aims to prevent pandemics and promote conservation in hotspot regions worldwide.
An emergent virus is a virus that is either newly appeared, notably increasing in incidence/geographic range or has the potential to increase in the near future. Emergent viruses are a leading cause of emerging infectious diseases and raise public health challenges globally, given their potential to cause outbreaks of disease which can lead to epidemics and pandemics. As well as causing disease, emergent viruses can also have severe economic implications. Recent examples include the SARS-related coronaviruses, which have caused the 2002-2004 outbreak of SARS (SARS-CoV-1) and the 2019–21 pandemic of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2). Other examples include the human immunodeficiency virus which causes HIV/AIDS; the viruses responsible for Ebola; the H5N1 influenza virus responsible for avian flu; and H1N1/09, which caused the 2009 swine flu pandemic. Viral emergence in humans is often a consequence of zoonosis, which involves a cross-species jump of a viral disease into humans from other animals. As zoonotic viruses exist in animal reservoirs, they are much more difficult to eradicate and can therefore establish persistent infections in human populations.
In epidemiology, a disease vector is any living agent that carries and transmits an infectious pathogen to another living organism; agents regarded as vectors are organisms, such as parasites or microbes. The first major discovery of a disease vector came from Ronald Ross in 1897, who discovered the malaria pathogen when he dissected a mosquito.
One Health is an approach calling for "the collaborative efforts of multiple disciplines working locally, nationally, and globally, to attain optimal health for people, animals and our environment", as defined by the One Health Initiative Task Force (OHITF). It developed in response to evidence of the spreading of zoonotic diseases between species and increasing awareness of "the interdependence of human and animal health and ecological change". In this viewpoint, public health is no longer seen in purely human terms.
University of Makeni is the first private, Catholic, university located in Makeni, Sierra Leone.
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International Bird Rescue is a nonprofit organization that rehabilitates injured aquatic birds, most notably seabirds affected by oil spills. Founded by Alice Berkner and members of the Ecology Action, including veterinarian James Michael Harris, D.V.M. in 1971 and based in Cordelia, California, the group has developed scientifically-based bird rehabilitation techniques and has led oiled wildlife rescue efforts in more than 200 oil spills worldwide, including the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska, and the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, where International Bird Rescue co-managed oiled bird rehabilitation efforts in four states with Tri-State Bird Rescue and Research.
Jonna Ann Keener Mazet is an American epidemiologist and Executive Director of the University of California, Davis One Health Institute. Recognized for her innovative and holistic approach to emerging environmental and global health threats, she is an elected member of the National Academy of Medicine and a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Mazet is a professor of Epidemiology and Disease Ecology at the UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, where she focuses on global health problem solving, especially for emerging infectious disease and conservation challenges.
Wildlife trafficking practices have resulted in the emergence of zoonotic diseases. Exotic wildlife trafficking is a multi-billion dollar industry that involves the removal and shipment of mammals, reptiles, amphibians, invertebrates, and fish all over the world. Traded wild animals are used for bushmeat consumption, unconventional exotic pets, animal skin clothing accessories, home trophy decorations, privately owned zoos, and for traditional medicine practices. Dating back centuries, people from Africa, Asia, Latin America, the Middle East, and Europe have used animal bones, horns, or organs for their believed healing effects on the human body. Wild tigers, rhinos, elephants, pangolins, and certain reptile species are acquired through legal and illegal trade operations in order to continue these historic cultural healing practices. Within the last decade nearly 975 different wild animal taxa groups have been legally and illegally exported out of Africa and imported into areas like China, Japan, Indonesia, the United States, Russia, Europe, and South America.
PREDICT was an epidemiological research program funded by a United States Agency for International Development (USAID) grant and led by UC Davis' One Health Institute. Launched in 2009, the program was described as an early warning pandemic system.
Pandemic prevention is the organization and management of preventive measures against pandemics. Those include measures to reduce causes of new infectious diseases and measures to prevent outbreaks and epidemics from becoming pandemics.
Peter Daszak is a British zoologist, consultant and public expert on disease ecology, in particular on zoonosis. He is the president of EcoHealth Alliance, a nonprofit non-governmental organization that supports various programs on global health and pandemic prevention. He is also a member of the Center for Infection and Immunity at the Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health. He lives in Suffern, New York.
Janet K. Yamamoto is an American immunologist. Yanamoto is a professor of veterinary medicine at the University of Florida where she studies the spread of HIV/AIDS. In 1988, she co-developed a vaccine for the feline version of HIV with Niels C. Pederson and was subsequently elected to the National Academy of Inventors.
Christine Kreuder Johnson is an American epidemiologist and veterinary scientist who is Professor and Director of the EpiCenter for Disease Dynamics at the One Health Institute. She serves as Professor of Epidemiology and Ecosystem Health at the University of California, Davis. She was elected Fellow of the National Academy of Medicine in 2021.
Noam Ross is an experienced disease ecologist and R expert working out of New York.
David Hayman is a New Zealand-based epizootic epidemiologist and disease ecologist whose general multi-disciplinary work focuses on the maintenance of infectious diseases within their hosts and the process of emergence and transmission to humans specifically related to bats. He has gathered data on the relationship between ecological degradation due to anthropogenic actions, and increased pathogen emergence in humans and animals. During COVID-19 he was involved as an expert in several international collaborations, some convened by the World Health Organization, and was a regular commentator in the New Zealand media about the country's response to the pandemic. He has had lead roles in research organisations at Massey University and Te Pūnaha Matatini and was the recipient of the 2017 Rutherford Discovery Fellowship Award. Since 2014 Hayman has been a professor at Massey University.
A. Alonso Aguirre is an American veterinarian, wildlife biologist, academic and researcher. He is Professor and Chair of the Department of Environmental Science and Policy, College of Science, and he also chairs the university Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) at George Mason University.
References
- ↑ Robertson, Kathy (November 24, 2014). "Senior Staff Writer". Sacramento Business Journal. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
- ↑ "Faculty Results | UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine". www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu. Retrieved 2015-09-23.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ Preston, Eunah (2020-02-07). "One Health Workforce - Next Generation". School of Veterinary Medicine. Retrieved 2022-01-11.
- ↑ "Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center". Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
- ↑ "Oiled Wildlife Care Network". Oiled Wildlife Care Network. UC Davis. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
- ↑ "Saving Mountain Gorillas, One Surgery at a Time". Slate. January 14, 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
- ↑ Gaydos, Joe (March 26, 2009). "Beyond Puget Sound: Ten Ideas for Saving the Salish Sea". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
- ↑ "UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine | One Health Institute". www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu. Retrieved 2015-10-08.
- ↑ "Vet Med Home | California Raptor Center". www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu. Retrieved 2015-10-08.
- ↑ "UC Global Health Institute". www.ucghi.universityofcalifornia.edu. Retrieved 2015-10-08.
- ↑ Johnson, Christine Kreuder; Hitchens, Peta L.; Evans, Tierra Smiley; Goldstein, Tracey; Thomas, Kate; Clements, Andrew; Joly, Damien O.; Wolfe, Nathan D.; Daszak, Peter (2015-10-07). "Spillover and pandemic properties of zoonotic viruses with high host plasticity". Scientific Reports. 5: 14830. Bibcode:2015NatSR...514830K. doi:10.1038/srep14830. PMC 4595845 . PMID 26445169.
- ↑ Pandit, Pranav S.; Doyle, Megan M.; Smart, Katrina M.; Young, Cristin C.W.; Drape, Gaylen W.; Johnson, Christine K. (2018-12-21). "Predicting wildlife reservoirs and global vulnerability to zoonotic Flaviviruses". Nature Communications. 9: 5425. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.5425P. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-07896-2. PMC 6303316 . PMID 30575757.
- ↑ Pandit, P. S.; Anthony, S. J.; Goldstein, T.; Olival, K.J. (2022-08-24). "Predicting the potential for zoonotic transmission and host associations for novel viruses". Communications Biology. 5: 844. doi:10.1038/s42003-022-03797-9. PMC 9390964 . PMID 35986178.
- ↑ PREEMPT (2019-01-17). "PREEMPT Project". School of Veterinary Medicine. Retrieved 2022-01-11.
- ↑ "UC Davis Gets $100 Million Grant For Virus Research" . Retrieved 2015-09-23.
- ↑ Gajewski, Misha (2021-04-05). "There's A New App That Might Help Predict Which Viruses Could Cause The Next Pandemic". Forbes. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
- ↑ Lasky, Natasha (12 April 2021). "Can An App Predict The Next Pandemic?". Our Daily Planet. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
- ↑ Mazet, Jonna A. K.; Clifford, Deana L.; Coppolillo, Peter B.; Deolalikar, Anil B.; Erickson, Jon D.; Kazwala, Rudovick R. (2009-12-15). "A "One Health" Approach to Address Emerging Zoonoses: The HALI Project in Tanzania". PLOS Med. 6 (12): e1000190. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000190. PMC 2784942 . PMID 20016689.