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Pareto efficiency or Pareto optimality is a situation where no action or allocation is available that makes one individual better off without making another worse off. The concept is named after Vilfredo Pareto (1848–1923), Italian civil engineer and economist, who used the concept in his studies of economic efficiency and income distribution. The following three concepts are closely related:
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Bourgeois nation was a term used by Italian fascists to refer to nations that had embraced what the fascists saw as decadent and materialistic lifestyles associated with standard bourgeois culture. Early fascist movements expressed contempt for "those who wanted only to earn money, filthy money," and denounced bourgeois culture as being too weak and individualistic to make a nation strong. Fascists idealized sport, physical activity, life in the open air, and virile athletic pursuits, which they contrasted with the image of "corpulent politicians", "great, sedentary bourgeois", and tobacco-smoking left-wing intellectuals in "anxious waiting for the hour of the aperitif." Italian Fascists also accused wealthy nations of hypocrisy because they built colonial empires in the past and then used the League of Nations to prevent nations like Italy from conquering colonies of their own. Nevertheless, despite these early denunciations of bourgeois culture and the pursuit of monetary gain, fascist parties in power helped large companies to achieve greater profits by banning strikes and lowering wages, and they "showered money on armaments industries, to the immense satisfaction of employers."
References
- ↑ Tarascio, Vincent J. (1969-01-02). "Paretian Welfare Theory: Some Neglected Aspects". The Journal of Political Economy. 77 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1086/259490. JSTOR 1829062.
- ↑ Thoma, Mark (2008-03-23). "Ophelimity vs. Wantability" . Retrieved 2011-05-20.
- ↑ Gregor, A. Mussolini's Intellectuals: Fascist Social and Political Thought. pg. 126 - 127, Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-2634-6
