Ornstein–Uhlenbeck operator

Not to be confused with Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process.

In mathematics, the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck operator is a generalization of the Laplace operator to an infinite-dimensional setting. The Ornstein–Uhlenbeck operator plays a significant role in the Malliavin calculus.

Introduction: the finite-dimensional picture

The Laplacian

Consider the gradient operator ∇ acting on scalar functions f : Rⁿ → R; the gradient of a scalar function is a vector field v = ∇f : Rⁿ → Rⁿ. The divergence operator div, acting on vector fields to produce scalar fields, is the adjoint operator to ∇. The Laplace operator Δ is then the composition of the divergence and gradient operators:

${\displaystyle \Delta =\mathrm {div} \circ \nabla }$,

acting on scalar functions to produce scalar functions. Note that A = −Δ is a positive operator, whereas Δ is a dissipative operator.

Using spectral theory, one can define a square root (1 − Δ)^1/2 for the operator (1 − Δ). This square root satisfies the following relation involving the Sobolev H¹-norm and L²-norm for suitable scalar functions f:

${\displaystyle {\big \|}f{\big \|}_{H^{1}}^{2}={\big \|}(1-\Delta )^{1/2}f{\big \|}_{L^{2}}^{2}.}$

The Ornstein–Uhlenbeck operator

Often, when working on Rⁿ, one works with respect to Lebesgue measure, which has many nice properties. However, remember that the aim is to work in infinite-dimensional spaces, and it is a fact that there is no infinite-dimensional Lebesgue measure. Instead, if one is studying some separable Banach space E, what does make sense is a notion of Gaussian measure; in particular, the abstract Wiener space construction makes sense.

To get some intuition about what can be expected in the infinite-dimensional setting, consider standard Gaussian measure γⁿ on Rⁿ: for Borel subsets A of Rⁿ,

${\displaystyle \gamma ^{n}(A):=\int _{A}(2\pi )^{-n/2}\exp(-|x|^{2}/2)\,\mathrm {d} x.}$

This makes (Rⁿ, B(Rⁿ), γⁿ) into a probability space; E will denote expectation with respect to γⁿ.

The gradient operator∇ acts on a (differentiable) function φ : Rⁿ → R to give a vector field ∇φ : Rⁿ → Rⁿ.

The divergence operatorδ (to be more precise, δ_n, since it depends on the dimension) is now defined to be the adjoint of ∇ in the Hilbert space sense, in the Hilbert space L²(Rⁿ, B(Rⁿ), γⁿ; R). In other words, δ acts on a vector field v : Rⁿ → Rⁿ to give a scalar function δv : Rⁿ → R, and satisfies the formula

${\displaystyle \mathbb {E} {\big [}\nabla f\cdot v{\big ]}=\mathbb {E} {\big [}f\delta v{\big ]}.}$

On the left, the product is the pointwise Euclidean dot product of two vector fields; on the right, it is just the pointwise multiplication of two functions. Using integration by parts, one can check that δ acts on a vector field v with components vⁱ, i = 1, ..., n, as follows:

${\displaystyle \delta v(x)=\sum _{i=1}^{n}\left(x_{i}v^{i}(x)-{\frac {\partial v^{i}}{\partial x_{i}}}(x)\right).}$

The change of notation from “div” to “δ” is for two reasons: first, δ is the notation used in infinite dimensions (the Malliavin calculus); secondly, δ is really the negative of the usual divergence.

The (finite-dimensional) Ornstein–Uhlenbeck operatorL (or, to be more precise, L_m) is defined by

${\displaystyle L:=-\delta \circ \nabla ,}$

with the useful formula that for any f and g smooth enough for all the terms to make sense,

${\displaystyle \delta (f\nabla g)=-\nabla f\cdot \nabla g-fLg.}$

The Ornstein–Uhlenbeck operator L is related to the usual Laplacian Δ by

${\displaystyle Lf(x)=\Delta f(x)-x\cdot \nabla f(x).}$

The Ornstein–Uhlenbeck operator for a separable Banach space

Consider now an abstract Wiener space E with Cameron-Martin Hilbert space H and Wiener measure γ. Let D denote the Malliavin derivative. The Malliavin derivative D is an unbounded operator from L²(E, γ; R) into L²(E, γ; H) – in some sense, it measures “how random” a function on E is. The domain of D is not the whole of L²(E, γ; R), but is a dense linear subspace, the Watanabe-Sobolev space, often denoted by ${\displaystyle \mathbb {D} ^{1,2}}$ (once differentiable in the sense of Malliavin, with derivative in L²).

Again, δ is defined to be the adjoint of the gradient operator (in this case, the Malliavin derivative is playing the role of the gradient operator). The operator δ is also known the Skorokhod integral, which is an anticipating stochastic integral; it is this set-up that gives rise to the slogan “stochastic integrals are divergences”. δ satisfies the identity

${\displaystyle \mathbb {E} {\big [}\langle \mathrm {D} F,v\rangle _{H}{\big ]}=\mathbb {E} {\big [}F\delta v{\big ]}}$

for all F in ${\displaystyle \mathbb {D} ^{1,2}}$ and v in the domain of δ.

Then the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck operator for E is the operator L defined by

${\displaystyle L:=-\delta \circ \mathrm {D} .}$

References

• Ocone, Daniel L. (1988). "A guide to the stochastic calculus of variations". Stochastic analysis and related topics (Silivri, 1986). Lecture Notes in Math. 1316. Berlin: Springer. pp. 1–79.  MR 953793
• Sanz-Solé, Marta (2008). "Applications of Malliavin Calculus to Stochastic Partial Differential Equations (Lectures given at Imperial College London, 7–11 July 2008)" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-07-09.