Ozone micro-nanobubbles

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Ozone micro/nano-bubble technology overcomes the limitation of ozone oxidation and mass transfer of ozone and its utilization. It improves the oxidation efficiency of ozone. [1] Ozone micro/nano-bubble technology improves the disinfectant capacity of ozone. [2]

Contents

Ozone is a strong oxidizing agent widely used in the treatment of printing and dyeing wastewater, [3] and coal chemical wastewater. [4] Its solubility in water is less and stability is also poor, which will reduce the degradation capacity of ozone towards organic molecules. [5] For improving its ability mass-transfer efficiency ozone micro/nano-bubble(MNB) is an important technology. For improving, gas-liquid contact and mass-transfer effectiveness air microbubbles were used. While in the case of ozone, MNB improves the properties of ozonation or oxidation. [6] [7]

Methods

MNB can be generated and formed by two pathways which are as follows: -

1.     The nucleation of the new gas phase emerging from the liquid phase.

2.     Collapse of microbubbles

The growth and the collapse of microbubbles in the solution can be distinct as cavitation, and there are four types based on the mode of generation: [8] [9]

Hydrodynamic cavitation

It defines as the change in the geometry of the fluid, which leads to the occurrence of vaporization and generation of MNB. Enhancing the formation of MNB hydrodynamic cavitation by mechanical agitation, axial flow shearing, and depressurized flow constriction [10]

Acoustic cavitation

It can be created by ultrasonic waves, which leads to the establishment of local pressure variations in liquid and then the formation of bubbles.

Optical cavitation

In this method, MNBs were produced by short-pulsed lasers, which were focused into a low absorption coefficient solution.

Particle cavitation

Nano-bubbles were produced by water passing through high-intensity light photons in liquids. Other methods were also used for the formation of MNB.

electrolysis, nanopore membranes, sonochemistry using ultrasound, and water-solvent mixing. [11] [12] [13] [14]

Characteristics

MNBs are the gaseous body. Microbubble has a size between 10-50μm, while nano-bubble has a size of less than 200 nm. [15] [16] There are a few characteristics of MNBs, which are as follows: -

Surface area

MNBs have small diameters, so their specific surface area is large. It gives a large contact area to liquid which is correlated to a higher reaction rate. [17]

Swirl flow

MNBs have swirl flow in water. They float slowly in the gas-liquid mass transfer process, and microbubbles have a long residence time in the liquid. Because of their long hysteresis contact area of gas/liquid has been increased, which improves its oxidation ability [18]

Zeta potential

High negative Zeta Potential is directly related to the stability of MNBs, and most studies verify that this is due to the negatively charged solution reason for this negative charge is the adsorption of hydroxyl ions at the gas-liquid interface. It also avoids aggregation and amalgamation of MNB. [19]

Hydroxyl radicals

Microbubbles can erupt without external stimulus; this rupture process produces a mass of hydroxyl radicals. Hydroxyl radical has a high oxidation potential and can oxidize organic pollutants in water. [20]

Disinfection mechanism

Ozone MNB can react in two different ways, direct and indirect. Direct involves the degradation of pollutants with ozone itself, while the case indirect involves oxidation with the formation of hydroxyl radicals(•OH). [21]

Hydroxyl radicals will form by the shrinking of microbubbles; it is due to an increase in the value of electromotive force on the liquid interface. Hydroxyl radical(•OH) and H+ accumulate rapidly at the bubble interface. Ozone reacts with hydroxyl ions and hydroxyl radicals will form. The formation of hydroxyl radicals is pH-dependent.

Applications

Antimicrobial and disinfection process

Ozone MNB can deactivate both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. This activity of Ozone MNB does not show any cytotoxicity against human health. [22]

Drinking water disinfection

Ozone MNB gives the same inactivation rate same like conventional ozonation for the target pathogen E.coli, but here in the case of microbubble technology, the ozone dose was lower. [23] As higher mass transfer leads to lower ozone dosage so, this ozone MNB technique is promising and beneficial for the existing water treatment plants. [24]

Plant effluents treatment

Elimination of industrial pollutants is a major concern as they are discharged into water bodies. Even at low concentrations, they can induce an adverse effect on living organisms and the environment. [25] [26] Ozone MNBs provides better degradation behavior of targeted pollutant as compared to conventional ozonation and also minimizes the discharge of impurities into water bodies.

Effect on fish health

Ozone has greatest used as a disinfectant in aquaculture systems to reduce pathogenic bacteria to prevent fish disease. [27] In many experiments, it is observed that multiple treatments have not exhibited any deviations either in behavioral patterns or viability of the fish. [28] This technology provides protection to cultivated species from pathogenic infections. [29]

Agriculture

This technology for washing fresh vegetables was tested, and when acidic electrolyzed water containing ozone ultra-fine bubbles and strong mechanical action combined, it showed the lowest viable bacterial count was recorded among other treatments like using sodium hypochlorite. [30]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cavitation</span> Low-pressure voids formed in liquids

Cavitation in fluid mechanics and engineering normally refers to the phenomenon in which the static pressure of a liquid reduces to below the liquid's vapor pressure, leading to the formation of small vapor-filled cavities in the liquid. When subjected to higher pressure, these cavities, called "bubbles" or "voids", collapse and can generate shock waves that may damage machinery. These shock waves are strong when they are very close to the imploded bubble, but rapidly weaken as they propagate away from the implosion. Cavitation is a significant cause of wear in some engineering contexts. Collapsing voids that implode near to a metal surface cause cyclic stress through repeated implosion. This results in surface fatigue of the metal, causing a type of wear also called "cavitation". The most common examples of this kind of wear are to pump impellers, and bends where a sudden change in the direction of liquid occurs. Cavitation is usually divided into two classes of behavior: inertial cavitation and non-inertial cavitation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Water treatment</span> Process that improves the quality of water

Water treatment is any process that improves the quality of water to make it appropriate for a specific end-use. The end use may be drinking, industrial water supply, irrigation, river flow maintenance, water recreation or many other uses, including being safely returned to the environment. Water treatment removes contaminants and undesirable components, or reduces their concentration so that the water becomes fit for its desired end-use. This treatment is crucial to human health and allows humans to benefit from both drinking and irrigation use.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wastewater treatment</span> Converting wastewater into an effluent for return to the water cycle

Wastewater treatment is a process which removes and eliminates contaminants from wastewater. It thus converts it into an effluent that can be returned to the water cycle. Once back in the water cycle, the effluent creates an acceptable impact on the environment. It is also possible to reuse it. This process is called water reclamation. The treatment process takes place in a wastewater treatment plant. There are several kinds of wastewater which are treated at the appropriate type of wastewater treatment plant. For domestic wastewater the treatment plant is called a Sewage Treatment. Municipal wastewater or sewage are other names for domestic wastewater. For industrial wastewater, treatment takes place in a separate Industrial wastewater treatment, or in a sewage treatment plant. In the latter case it usually follows pre-treatment. Further types of wastewater treatment plants include Agricultural wastewater treatment and leachate treatment plants.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Industrial wastewater treatment</span> Processes used for treating wastewater that is produced by industries as an undesirable by-product

Industrial wastewater treatment describes the processes used for treating wastewater that is produced by industries as an undesirable by-product. After treatment, the treated industrial wastewater may be reused or released to a sanitary sewer or to a surface water in the environment. Some industrial facilities generate wastewater that can be treated in sewage treatment plants. Most industrial processes, such as petroleum refineries, chemical and petrochemical plants have their own specialized facilities to treat their wastewaters so that the pollutant concentrations in the treated wastewater comply with the regulations regarding disposal of wastewaters into sewers or into rivers, lakes or oceans. This applies to industries that generate wastewater with high concentrations of organic matter, toxic pollutants or nutrients such as ammonia. Some industries install a pre-treatment system to remove some pollutants, and then discharge the partially treated wastewater to the municipal sewer system.

Fenton's reagent is a solution of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and an iron catalyst (typically iron(II) sulfate, FeSO4). It is used to oxidize contaminants or waste water as part of an advanced oxidation process. Fenton's reagent can be used to destroy organic compounds such as trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene). It was developed in the 1890s by Henry John Horstman Fenton as an analytical reagent.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Photocatalysis</span> Acceleration of a photoreaction in the presence of a catalyst

In chemistry, photocatalysis is the acceleration of a photoreaction in the presence of a photocatalyst, the excited state of which "repeatedly interacts with the reaction partners forming reaction intermediates and regenerates itself after each cycle of such interactions." In many cases, the catalyst is a solid that upon irradiation with UV- or visible light generates electron–hole pairs that generate free radicals. Photocatalysts belong to three main groups; heterogeneous, homogeneous, and plasmonic antenna-reactor catalysts. The use of each catalysts depends on the preferred application and required catalysis reaction.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sonication</span> Application of sound energy

Sonication is the act of applying sound energy to agitate particles in a sample, for various purposes such as the extraction of multiple compounds from plants, microalgae and seaweeds. Ultrasonic frequencies (> 20 kHz) are usually used, leading to the process also being known as ultrasonication or ultra-sonication.

In chemistry, the study of sonochemistry is concerned with understanding the effect of ultrasound in forming acoustic cavitation in liquids, resulting in the initiation or enhancement of the chemical activity in the solution. Therefore, the chemical effects of ultrasound do not come from a direct interaction of the ultrasonic sound wave with the molecules in the solution.

The Varying Permeability Model, Variable Permeability Model or VPM is an algorithm that is used to calculate the decompression stops needed for ambient pressure dive profiles using specified breathing gases. It was developed by D.E. Yount and others for use in professional diving and recreational diving. It was developed to model laboratory observations of bubble formation and growth in both inanimate and in vivo systems exposed to pressure. In 1986, this model was applied by researchers at the University of Hawaii to calculate diving decompression tables.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sonophoresis</span>

Sonophoresis also known as phonophoresis, is a method that utilizes ultrasound to enhance the delivery of topical medications through the stratum corneum, to the epidermis and dermis. Sonophoresis allows for the enhancement of the permeability of the skin along with other modalities, such as iontophoresis, to deliver drugs with lesser side effects. Currently, sonophoresis is used widely in transdermal drug delivery, but has potential applications in other sectors of drug delivery, such as the delivery of drugs to the eye and brain.

Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), in a broad sense, are a set of chemical treatment procedures designed to remove organic (and sometimes inorganic) materials in water and wastewater by oxidation through reactions with hydroxyl radicals (·OH). In real-world applications of wastewater treatment, however, this term usually refers more specifically to a subset of such chemical processes that employ ozone (O3), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and UV light or a combination of the few processes.

Microbubbles are bubbles smaller than one hundredth of a millimetre in diameter, but larger than one micrometre. They have widespread application in industry, medicine, life science, and food technology. The composition of the bubble shell and filling material determine important design features such as buoyancy, crush strength, thermal conductivity, and acoustic properties.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sonodynamic therapy</span>

Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is a noninvasive treatment, often used for tumor irradiation, that utilizes a sonosensitizer and the deep penetration of ultrasound to treat lesions of varying depths by reducing target cell number and preventing future tumor growth. Many existing cancer treatment strategies cause systemic toxicity or cannot penetrate tissue deep enough to reach the entire tumor; however, emerging ultrasound stimulated therapies could offer an alternative to these treatments with their increased efficiency, greater penetration depth, and reduced side effects. Sonodynamic therapy could be used to treat cancers and other diseases, such as atherosclerosis, and diminish the risk associated with other treatment strategies since it induces cytotoxic effects only when externally stimulated by ultrasound and only at the cancerous region, as opposed to the systemic administration of chemotherapy drugs.

Nanoremediation is the use of nanoparticles for environmental remediation. It is being explored to treat ground water, wastewater, soil, sediment, or other contaminated environmental materials. Nanoremediation is an emerging industry; by 2009, nanoremediation technologies had been documented in at least 44 cleanup sites around the world, predominantly in the United States. In Europe, nanoremediation is being investigated by the EC funded NanoRem Project. A report produced by the NanoRem consortium has identified around 70 nanoremediation projects worldwide at pilot or full scale. During nanoremediation, a nanoparticle agent must be brought into contact with the target contaminant under conditions that allow a detoxifying or immobilizing reaction. This process typically involves a pump-and-treat process or in situ application.

Micromotors are very small particles that can move themselves. The term is often used interchangeably with "nanomotor," despite the implicit size difference. These micromotors actually propel themselves in a specific direction autonomously when placed in a chemical solution. There are many different micromotor types operating under a host of mechanisms. Easily the most important examples are biological motors such as bacteria and any other self-propelled cells. Synthetically, researchers have exploited oxidation-reduction reactions to produce chemical gradients, local fluid flows, or streams of bubbles that then propel these micromotors through chemical media. Different stimuli, both external and internal can be used to control the behavior of these micromotors.

Electro-oxidation(EO or EOx), also known as anodic oxidation or electrochemical oxidation (EC), is a technique used for wastewater treatment, mainly for industrial effluents, and is a type of advanced oxidation process (AOP). The most general layout comprises two electrodes, operating as anode and cathode, connected to a power source. When an energy input and sufficient supporting electrolyte are provided to the system, strong oxidizing species are formed, which interact with the contaminants and degrade them. The refractory compounds are thus converted into reaction intermediates and, ultimately, into water and CO2 by complete mineralization.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Focused ultrasound for intracranial drug delivery</span> Medical technique

Focused ultrasound for intracrainial drug delivery is a non-invasive technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to disrupt tight junctions in the blood–brain barrier (BBB), allowing for increased passage of therapeutics into the brain. The BBB normally blocks nearly 98% of drugs from accessing the central nervous system, so FUS has the potential to address a major challenge in intracranial drug delivery by providing targeted and reversible BBB disruption. Using FUS to enhance drug delivery to the brain could significantly improve patient outcomes for a variety of diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and brain cancer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aniruddha B. Pandit</span> Indian chemical engineer (born 1957)

Aniruddha Bhalchandra Pandit (born 7 December 1957) is an Indian chemical engineer, inventor and academic, known for his fundamental and commercial research on cavitational reactors, design of multiphase reactors, bubble dynamics. He is the vice chancellor of the Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai since 2019, succeeding G. D. Yadav.

A nanobubble is a small sub-micrometer gas-containing cavity, or bubble, in aqueous solutions with unique properties caused by high internal pressure, small size and surface charge. Nanobubbles generally measure between 70-150 nanometers in size and less than 200 nanometers in diameter and are known for their longevity and stability, low buoyancy, negative surface charge, high surface area per volume, high internal pressure, and high gas transfer rates.

Sonocatalysis is a field of sonochemistry which is based on the use of ultrasound to change the reactivity of a catalyst in homogenous or heterogenous catalysis. It is generally used to support catalysis. This method of catalysis has been known since the creation of sonochemistry in 1927 by Alfred Lee Loomis (1887–1975) and Robert Williams Wood (1868–1955). Sonocatalysis depends on ultrasounds, which were discovered in 1794 by the Italian biologist Lazarro Spallanzani (1729–1799).

References

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  30. ↑ Ushida, Akiomi; Koyama, Takahiro; Nakamoto, Yoshinori; Narumi, Takatsune; Sato, Taisuke; Hasegawa, Tomiichi (August 2017). "Antimicrobial effectiveness of ultra-fine ozone-rich bubble mixtures for fresh vegetables using an alternating flow". Journal of Food Engineering. 206: 48–56. doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2017.03.003.
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