PC-SAFT

PC-SAFT (perturbed chain SAFT) is an equation of state that is based on statistical associating fluid theory (SAFT). Like other SAFT equations of state, it makes use of chain and association terms developed by Chapman, et al from perturbation theory. ^[1] However, unlike earlier SAFT equations of state that used unbonded spherical particles as a reference fluid, it uses spherical particles in the context of hard chains as reference fluid for the dispersion term. ^[2]

PC-SAFT was developed by Joachim Gross and Gabriele Sadowski, and was first presented in their 2001 article. ^[2] Further research extended PC-SAFT for use with associating and polar molecules, and it has also been modified for use with polymers. ^{[3] [4] [5] [6]} A version of PC-SAFT has also been developed to describe mixtures with ionic compounds (called electrolyte PC-SAFT or ePC-SAFT). ^{[7] [8]}

Form of the Equation of State

The equation of state is organized into terms that account for different types of intermolecular interactions, including terms for

• the hard chain reference
• dispersion
• association
• polar interactions
• ions

The equation is most often expressed in terms of the residual Helmholtz energy because all other thermodynamic properties can be easily found by taking the appropriate derivatives of the Helmholtz energy. ^[2]

${\displaystyle a=a^{\text{hc}}+a^{\text{disp}}+a^{\text{assoc}}+a^{\text{dipole}}+a^{\text{ion}}}$

Here ${\displaystyle a}$ is the molar residual Helmholtz energy.

Hard Chain Term

${\displaystyle {\frac {a^{\text{hc}}}{kT}}={\overline {m}}\cdot a^{\text{hs}}-\sum _{i=1}^{NC}{x_{i}\cdot (m_{i}-1)\cdot \ln(g_{i,i}^{\text{hs}})}}$

where

• ${\displaystyle NC}$ is the number of compounds;
• ${\displaystyle x_{i}}$ is the mole fraction;
• ${\displaystyle {\overline {m}}=\sum _{i=1}^{NC}{x_{i}m_{i}}}$ is the average number of segments in the mixture;
• ${\displaystyle a^{\text{hs}}}$ is the Boublík-Mansoori-Leeland-Carnahan-Starling hard sphere equation of state, ^{[9] [10] [11]} defined as:

${\displaystyle a^{\text{hs}}=\zeta _{0}\left({\frac {3\zeta _{1}\zeta _{2}}{1-\zeta _{3}}}+{\frac {\zeta _{2}^{3}}{\zeta _{3}(1-\zeta _{3})^{2}}}+{\frac {\zeta _{2}^{3}}{\zeta _{3}^{2}-\zeta _{0}}}\log {(1-\zeta _{3})}\right)}$

${\displaystyle \zeta _{k}=\sum _{i}{x_{i}m_{i}d_{i}^{k}}}$

${\displaystyle d_{i}=\sigma _{i}\left(1-0.12\exp {\left({\frac {-3\epsilon _{i}}{kT}}\right)}\right)}$, where ${\displaystyle k}$ is the Boltzmann constant. ${\displaystyle g_{i,i}^{\text{hs}}}$ is the hard sphere radial distribution function at contact. ^[9] :$${\displaystyle g_{i,j}^{\text{hs}}={\frac {1}{1-\zeta _{3}}}+{\frac {3\zeta _{2}}{(1-\zeta _{3})^{2}}}\left({\frac {d_{i}d_{j}}{d_{i}+d_{j}}}\right)+{\frac {2\zeta _{2}^{2}}{(1-\zeta _{3})^{3}}}\left({\frac {d_{i}d_{j}}{d_{i}+d_{j}}}\right)^{2}}$$

Dispersion Term

${\displaystyle a^{\text{disp}}=-2\pi \mathbb {N} _{A}\rho I_{1}{\overline {m^{2}\epsilon \sigma ^{3}}}-{\overline {m}}\mathbb {N} _{A}\rho I_{1}{\overline {m^{2}\epsilon ^{2}\sigma ^{3}}}}$

${\displaystyle {\overline {m^{2}\epsilon \sigma ^{3}}}=\sum _{i}\sum _{j}{x_{i}x_{j}m_{i}m_{j}{\frac {\epsilon _{ij}}{kT}}\sigma _{ij}^{3}}}$

${\displaystyle {\overline {m^{2}\epsilon ^{2}\sigma ^{3}}}=\sum _{i}\sum _{j}{x_{i}x_{j}m_{i}m_{j}\left({\frac {\epsilon _{ij}}{kT}}\right)^{2}\sigma _{ij}^{3}}}$

Where ${\displaystyle N_{A}}$ is the Avogadro constant, ${\displaystyle \rho }$ is the molar density, and ${\displaystyle I_{1}}$, ${\displaystyle I_{2}}$ are the analytical functions representing the integrals of the radial distribution function in 1st and 2nd order perturbation terms: ^[12]

${\displaystyle I_{1}=\sum _{i=0}^{i=6}{\left(a_{0i}+{\frac {{\overline {m}}-1}{\overline {m}}}a_{1i}+{\frac {{\overline {m}}-1}{\overline {m}}}{\frac {{\overline {m}}-2}{\overline {m}}}a_{2i}\right)\zeta _{3}^{i}}}$

${\displaystyle I_{2}=\sum _{i=0}^{i=6}{\left(b_{0i}+{\frac {{\overline {m}}-1}{\overline {m}}}b_{1i}+{\frac {{\overline {m}}-1}{\overline {m}}}{\frac {{\overline {m}}-2}{\overline {m}}}b_{2i}\right)\zeta _{3}^{i}}}$

${\displaystyle b_{ji}}$, ${\displaystyle a_{ji}}$ are universal model parameters:

	${\displaystyle a_{0i}}$	${\displaystyle a_{1i}}$	${\displaystyle a_{2i}}$	${\displaystyle b_{0i}}$	${\displaystyle b_{1i}}$	${\displaystyle b_{2i}}$
0	0.9105631445	-0.3084016918	-0.0906148351	0.7240946941	-0.5755498075	0.0976883116
1	0.6361281449	0.1860531159	0.4527842806	2.2382791861	0.6995095521	-0.2557574982
2	2.6861347891	-2.5030047259	0.5962700728	-4.0025849485	3.8925673390	-9.1558561530
3	-26.547362491,	21.419793629	-1.7241829131	-21.003576815	-17.215471648	20.642075974
4	97.759208784	-65.255885330	-4.1302112531	26.855641363	192.67226447	-38.804430052
5	-159.59154087	83.318680481	13.776631870	206.55133841	-161.82646165	93.626774077
6	91.297774084	-33.746922930	-8.6728470368	-355.60235612	-165.20769346	-29.666905585

To obtain ${\displaystyle \epsilon _{ij}}$ and ${\displaystyle \sigma _{ij}}$, the following mixing rules are used:

${\displaystyle \epsilon _{ij}=(1-k_{ij}){\sqrt {\epsilon _{i}\epsilon _{j}}}}$

${\displaystyle \sigma _{ij}=(1-l_{ij}){\frac {\sigma _{i}+\sigma _{j}}{2}}}$

Were ${\displaystyle k_{ij}}$ and ${\displaystyle l_{ij}}$ interaction parameters, obtaining via fitting binary mixture data.

Association Term

${\displaystyle a^{\text{assoc}}=\sum _{i=1}^{n_{c}}{x_{i}\sum _{a=1}^{n_{s}}{n_{i,a}\left(\log {X_{i,a}}-{\frac {X_{i,a}}{2}}+{\frac {1}{2}}\right)}}}$

Where ${\displaystyle X_{i,a}}$ is the fraction of non-bonded sites of type ${\displaystyle a}$ in component ${\displaystyle i}$, and ${\displaystyle n_{i,a}}$ is the number of sites of type ${\displaystyle a}$ in component ${\displaystyle i}$. ${\displaystyle X_{i,a}}$ is the solution of the following system of equations:

${\displaystyle X_{i,a}={\frac {1}{1+\sum _{j=1}^{n_{c}}{\sum _{b=1}^{n_{s}}{\rho x_{j}n_{j,b}X_{j,b}\Delta _{ij,ab}}}}}}$

Where ${\displaystyle \Delta _{ij,ab}}$ is the association strength between sites of type ${\displaystyle a}$ in component ${\displaystyle i}$, and sites of type ${\displaystyle b}$ in component ${\displaystyle j}$. In the specific case of PC-SAFT, ${\displaystyle \Delta _{ij,ab}}$ is defined as:

${\displaystyle \Delta _{ij,ab}=g_{i,j}^{\text{hs}}\sigma _{ij}^{3}\kappa _{ij,ab}\exp {\left({\frac {\epsilon _{ij,ab}^{\text{HB}}}{kT}}-1\right)}}$

Where ${\displaystyle \epsilon _{ij,ab}^{\text{HB}}}$ is the hydrogen bonding energy and ${\displaystyle \kappa _{ij,ab}}$ is the bonding volume, between sites of type ${\displaystyle a}$ in component ${\displaystyle i}$, and sites of type ${\displaystyle b}$ in component ${\displaystyle j}$.

References

1. Chapman, Walter G., et al. "SAFT: Equation-of-state solution model for associating fluids." Fluid Phase Equilibria 52 (1989): 31-38.
2. Gross J, Sadowski G. Perturbed-chain SAFT: An equation of state based on a perturbation theory for chain molecules. Industrial & engineering chemistry research. 2001 Feb 21;40(4):1244-60.
3. Gross J, Sadowski G. Application of the perturbed-chain SAFT equation of state to associating systems. Industrial & engineering chemistry research. 2002 Oct 30;41(22):5510-5.
4. Gross J, Sadowski G. Modeling polymer systems using the perturbed-chain statistical associating fluid theory equation of state. Industrial & engineering chemistry research. 2002 Mar 6;41(5):1084-93.
5. Jog PK, Chapman WG. Application of Wertheim's thermodynamic perturbation theory to dipolar hard sphere chains. Molecular Physics. 1999 Aug 10;97(3):307-19.
6. Gross J, Vrabec J. An equation‐of‐state contribution for polar components: Dipolar molecules. AIChE Journal. 2006 Mar 1;52(3):1194-204.
7. Cameretti LF, Sadowski G, Mollerup JM. Modeling of aqueous electrolyte solutions with perturbed-chain statistical associated fluid theory. Industrial & engineering chemistry research. 2005 Apr 27;44(9):3355-62.
8. Held C, Reschke T, Mohammad S, Luza A, Sadowski G. ePC-SAFT revised. Chemical Engineering Research and Design. 2014 Dec 1;92(12):2884-97.
9. Boublík, T. Hard Sphere Equation of State, J. Chem. Phys. 1970;53(3):471-2.
10. Mansoori GA, Carnahan NF, Starling KE, Leland TW. Equilibrium Thermodynamic Properties of the Mixture of Hard Spheres, J. Chem. Phys. 1971; 54(4):1523-25
11. Carnahan-Starling equation of state, http://www.sklogwiki.org/SklogWiki/index.php/Carnahan-Starling_equation_of_state
12. Lubarsky, Helena; Polishuk, Ilya (2015-02-01). "Implementation of the critical point-based revised PC-SAFT for modelling thermodynamic properties of aromatic and haloaromatic compounds" . The Journal of Supercritical Fluids. 97: 133–144. doi:10.1016/j.supflu.2014.10.016. ISSN   0896-8446.