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The human genome is a complete set of nucleic acid sequences for humans, encoded as DNA within the 23 chromosome pairs in cell nuclei and in a small DNA molecule found within individual mitochondria. These are usually treated separately as the nuclear genome, and the mitochondrial genome. Human genomes include both protein-coding DNA genes and noncoding DNA. Haploid human genomes, which are contained in germ cells consist of three billion DNA base pairs, while diploid genomes have twice the DNA content. While there are significant differences among the genomes of human individuals, these are considerably smaller than the differences between humans and their closest living relatives, the bonobos and chimpanzees.
A non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is an RNA molecule that is not translated into a protein. The DNA sequence from which a functional non-coding RNA is transcribed is often called an RNA gene. Abundant and functionally important types of non-coding RNAs include transfer RNAs (tRNAs) and ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), as well as small RNAs such as microRNAs, siRNAs, piRNAs, snoRNAs, snRNAs, exRNAs, scaRNAs and the long ncRNAs such as Xist and HOTAIR.
In cell biology, a Paraspeckle is an irregularly shaped compartment of the cell, approximately 0.2-1 μm in size, found in the nucleus' interchromatin space. First documented in HeLa cells, where there are generally 10-30 per nucleus, Paraspeckles are now known to also exist in all human primary cells, transformed cell lines and tissue sections. Their name is derived from their distribution in the nucleus; the "para" is short for parallel and the "speckle" refers to the splicing speckles to which they are always in close proximity. Their function is still not fully understood, but they are thought to regulate gene expression by sequestrating proteins or mRNAs with inverted repeats in their 3′ UTRs.
BAG family molecular chaperone regulator 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BAG1 gene.
Caspase-10 is an enzyme that, in humans, is encoded by the CASP10 gene.
ELAV-like protein 1 or HuR is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ELAVL1 gene.
DNA damage-inducible transcript 3, also known as C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), is a pro-apoptotic transcription factor that is encoded by the DDIT3 gene. It is a member of the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) family of DNA-binding transcription factors. The protein functions as a dominant-negative inhibitor by forming heterodimers with other C/EBP members, preventing their DNA binding activity. The protein is implicated in adipogenesis and erythropoiesis, and has an important role in the cell's stress response.
Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BIRC7 gene.
Hypoxia up-regulated protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HYOU1 gene.
Bcl-2-like protein 2 is a 193-amino acid protein that in humans is encoded by the BCL2L2 gene on chromosome 14. It was originally discovered by Leonie Gibson, Suzanne Cory and colleagues at the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, who called it Bcl-w.
Apoptosis regulatory protein Siva is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SIVA1 gene. This gene encodes a protein with an important role in the apoptotic pathway induced by the CD27 antigen, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TFNR) superfamily. The CD27 antigen cytoplasmic tail binds to the N-terminus of this protein. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct proteins have been described.
Cold-inducible RNA-binding protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CIRBP gene. The cold inducible RNA-binding protein CIRBP plays a critical role in controlling the cellular response upon confronting a variety of cellular stresses, including short wavelength ultraviolet light, hypoxia, and hypothermia.
Bok is a protein-coding gene of the Bcl-2 family that is found in many invertebrates and vertebrates. It induces apoptosis, a special type of cell death. Currently, the precise function of Bok in this process is unknown.
Ras-related protein Rab-10 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAB10 gene.
Long non-coding RNAs are a type of RNA, defined as being transcripts with lengths exceeding 200 nucleotides that are not translated into protein. This somewhat arbitrary limit distinguishes long ncRNAs from small non-coding RNAs such as microRNAs (miRNAs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs), and other short RNAs. Long intervening/intergenic noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs) are sequences of lncRNA which do not overlap protein-coding genes.
Nuclear Enriched Abundant Transcript 1 (NEAT1) is a ~3.2 kb novel nuclear long non-coding RNA. It is also known as Virus Inducible NonCoding RNA (VINC) or MEN epsilon RNA. It is transcribed from the multiple endocrine neoplasia locus.
EGOT, also known as Eosinophil Granule Ontogeny (EGO)† Transcript, is a human gene at 3p26.1 that produces a long noncoding RNA molecule. EGOT is nested within an intron of the inositol triphosphate receptor type 1 (ITPR1) gene. The EGOT transcript is expressed during eosinophil development and is possibly involved in regulating eosinophil granule protein expression. Comparison of EGO-B, the spliced isoform, suggests EGOT may be conserved across placental mammals.
Bacterial small RNAs (sRNA) are small RNAs produced by bacteria; they are 50- to 500-nucleotide non-coding RNA molecules, highly structured and containing several stem-loops. Numerous sRNAs have been identified using both computational analysis and laboratory-based techniques such as Northern blotting, microarrays and RNA-Seq in a number of bacterial species including Escherichia coli, the model pathogen Salmonella, the nitrogen-fixing alphaproteobacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti, marine cyanobacteria, Francisella tularensis, Streptococcus pyogenes, the pathogen Staphylococcus aureus, and the plant pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pathovar oryzae. Bacterial sRNAs affect how genes are expressed within bacterial cells via interaction with mRNA or protein, and thus can affect a variety of bacterial functions like metabolism, virulence, environmental stress response, and structure.
In molecular biology miR-203 is a short non-coding RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms, such as translational repression and Argonaute-catalyzed messenger RNA cleavage. miR-203 has been identified as a skin-specific microRNA, and it forms an expression gradient that defines the boundary between proliferative epidermal basal progenitors and terminally differentiating suprabasal cells. It has also been found upregulated in psoriasis and differentially expressed in some types of cancer.
ADP/ATP translocase 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC25A5 gene on the X chromosome.
References
- ↑ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ↑ Sonkoly E, Bata-Csorgo Z, Pivarcsi A, et al. (June 2005). "Identification and characterization of a novel, psoriasis susceptibility-related noncoding RNA gene, PRINS". J. Biol. Chem. 280 (25): 24159–24167. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M501704200 . PMID 15855153.
- ↑ Szegedi K, Sonkoly E, Nagy N, et al. (March 2010). "The anti-apoptotic protein G1P3 is overexpressed in psoriasis and regulated by the non-coding RNA, PRINS". Exp. Dermatol. 19 (3): 269–278. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2010.01066.x. PMID 20377629. S2CID 205822988.
