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A furlong is a measure of distance in imperial units and United States customary units equal to one-eighth of a mile, equivalent to any of 660 feet, 220 yards, 40 rods, 10 chains, or approximately 201 metres. It is now mostly confined to use in horse racing, where in many countries it is the standard measurement of race lengths, and agriculture, where it is used to measure rural field lengths and distances.
The mile, sometimes the international mile or statute mile to distinguish it from other miles, is a British imperial unit and United States customary unit of length; both are based on the older English unit of length equal to 5,280 English feet, or 1,760 yards. The statute mile was standardised between the Commonwealth of Nations and the United States by an international agreement in 1959, when it was formally redefined with respect to SI units as exactly 1,609.344 metres.
The yard is an English unit of length in both the British imperial and US customary systems of measurement equalling 3 feet or 36 inches. Since 1959 it has been by international agreement standardized as exactly 0.9144 meter. A distance of 1,760 yards is equal to 1 mile.
The foot is a unit of length in the British imperial and United States customary systems of measurement. The prime symbol, ′, is commonly used to represent the foot. In both customary and imperial units, one foot comprises 12 inches, and one yard comprises three feet. Since an international agreement in 1959, the foot is defined as equal to exactly 0.3048 meters.
Marching refers to the organized, uniformed, steady walking forward in either rhythmic or route-step time; and, typically, it refers to overland movements on foot of military troops and units under field orders. Marching is often performed to march music and is typically associated with military and civilian ceremonial parades. It is a major part of military basic training in most countries and usually involves a system of drill commands.
A pedometer, or step-counter, is a device, usually portable and electronic or electromechanical, that counts each step a person takes by detecting the motion of the person's hands or hips. Because the distance of each person's step varies, an informal calibration, performed by the user, is required if presentation of the distance covered in a unit of length is desired, though there are now pedometers that use electronics and software to determine how a person's step varies automatically. Distance traveled can be measured directly by a GPS receiver.
A system of units of measurement, also known as a system of units or system of measurement, is a collection of units of measurement and rules relating them to each other. Systems of measurement have historically been important, regulated and defined for the purposes of science and commerce. Instances in use include the International System of Units or SI, the British imperial system, and the United States customary system.
A bema is an elevated platform used as an orator's podium. The term can refer to the raised area in a sanctuary. In Jewish synagogues, where it is used for Torah reading during services, the term used is bima or bimah.
The units of measurement of ancient Rome were generally consistent and well documented.
The earliest recorded systems of weights and measures originate in the 3rd or 4th millennium BC. Even the very earliest civilizations needed measurement for purposes of agriculture, construction and trade. Early standard units might only have applied to a single community or small region, with every area developing its own standards for lengths, areas, volumes and masses. Often such systems were closely tied to one field of use, so that volume measures used, for example, for dry grains were unrelated to those for liquids, with neither bearing any particular relationship to units of length used for measuring cloth or land. With development of manufacturing technologies, and the growing importance of trade between communities and ultimately across the Earth, standardized weights and measures became critical. Starting in the 18th century, modernized, simplified and uniform systems of weights and measures were developed, with the fundamental units defined by ever more precise methods in the science of metrology. The discovery and application of electricity was one factor motivating the development of standardized internationally applicable units.
The stremma is unit of land area used mainly in Greece and Cyprus, equal to 1,000 square metres or approximately ¼ acre.
Plethron is an ancient unit of Greek measurement equal to 97 to 100 Greek feet, although the measures for plethra may have varied from polis to polis. This was roughly the width of a typical ancient Greek athletic running-track.
Bematist, plural bematists or bematistae, meaning 'step measurer', were specialists in ancient Greece and ancient Egypt who measured distances by pacing.
A measuring rod is a tool used to physically measure lengths and survey areas of various sizes. Most measuring rods are round or square sectioned; however, they can also be flat boards. Some have markings at regular intervals. It is likely that the measuring rod was used before the line, chain or steel tapes used in modern measurement.
A step was a Roman unit of length equal to 2½ Roman feet or ½ Roman pace. Following its standardization under Agrippa, one step was roughly equivalent to 0.81 yards or 0.74 meters.
Pace or paces may refer to:
The mile (mi.) is an English unit of units of length that equals 1.609344 kilometers. It is sometimes distinguished as the "land mile", "statute mile", or "international mile".
A miliarium was a cylindrical, oval or parallelepiped column placed on the edge of Roman roads to mark the distances every thousand passus, that is, every mile. Today, this is equivalent to a distance of approximately 1480 meters. The stone known as the Milliarium Aureum the point used to indicate the distance to Rome from any point in the Roman Empire.
Welsh units of measurement are those in use in Wales between the Sub-Roman period and the 13th-century Edwardian conquest. Modern Wales no longer employs these units even for customary purposes but instead follows the custom as elsewhere in Britain of using a mixture of metric and Imperial units.
References
- ↑ Morio, Yuji; Izawa, Kazuhiro; Omori, Yoshitsugu; Katata, Hironobu; Ishiyama, Daisuke; Koyama, Shingo; Yamano, Yoshihisa (2019). "The Relationship between Walking Speed and Step Length in Older Aged Patients". Diseases. 7 (1): 17. doi: 10.3390/diseases7010017 . ISSN 2079-9721. PMC 6473831 . PMID 30717332.
- ↑ Differences - "Pace" vs. "Speed"
- ↑ "Appendix G: Weights and Measures", The World Factbook, Washington: Central Intelligence Agency, 2013
- ↑ U.S. Army Map Reading and Navigation, p. 5.8, Skyhorse Publishing Inc., 2009 ISBN 1-60239-702-3.
- ↑ Schilbach, Erich, Byzantinische Metrologie. (in German)
- ↑ Ménage, V.L. (1973), "Reviews: Speros Vryonis, Jr.: The decline of medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the process of islamization from the eleventh through the fifteenth century.", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, vol. 36, No. 3, University of London, pp. 659–661, JSTOR 613605
- ↑ Schilbach, [5] cited by Ménage. [6]
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