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The Brooklyn Papyrus 35.1446, also known as simply the Papyrus Brooklyn, is an ancient Egyptian document now in the Brooklyn Museum. It concerns Semitic slaves on a Middle Kingdom estate.
It was bought by Charles Edwin Wilbour in Egypt between 1881 and 1896. The document probably comes from Thebes. After the death of Wilbour, the papyrus was given to the Brooklyn Museum by his widow in 1916, but remained in the home of Theodora Wilbour, a daughter of Charles Wilbour, until 1935. At that time, the papyrus consisted of approximately 600 small fragments, which were reassembled from 1950 to 1952. In 1955 the papyrus was published by William C. Hayes. It is one of the most important surviving administrative documents from Egypt in the Middle Kingdom.
The papyrus is inscribed on both sides and was used over a longer period. (Context of Scripture says it was in use for 90 years.) The document dates to 1809-1743 BCE. [1]
It contains many Semitic, or as the Egyptians called them, Asiatic names like Aqoba, Ashera, Hayah-Wr, Sebtw, Sekere, and a Lywy and many names containing "Seneb." [2] ("Seneb" is Egyptian for "healthy.")
On the front is a list of 80 people in various columns who have apparently escaped from an institution called a Large Prison / Labor Camp (ḫnrt-wr) and are registering their discovery. The document lists their names, the father's name, as well as a high official, a place or an institution to which they originally belonged. There is a note in another column as to whether the person is male or female. There follows an administrative statement, a place where the case was ticked off with a note of where the refugees are currently. Finally, there are two notes as to whether the case is closed.[ citation needed ] The content appears to date from the reign of Amenemhat III into the 13th Dynasty. Copies of a letter and royal decree to Vizier Ankhu are also included within the document.[ citation needed ]
The content of this list has been the subject of controversial research and there are basically two conflicting approaches. On the one hand, the document is seen as evidence of Egypt as a forced state, in which parts of the population were forced to work and these people considered the work so overwhelming that they fled from it. On the other hand, it was pointed out that the document covers a period of several decades and the number of refugees for such a period is not very large. The evidence of clan liability is remarkable. As long as the fugitives were not caught, relatives have been captured.[ citation needed ]
On the back of the document is a list of servants and Asians sold by a woman named Senebtisi, apparently the widow of Resseneb. In particular, the many Asian names on this list aroused the interest of researchers and shows the high proportion of foreigners in Egypt in the 13th Dynasty. [1]
Merneferre Ay was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the mid 13th Dynasty. The longest reigning pharaoh of the 13th Dynasty, he ruled a likely fragmented Egypt for over 23 years in the early to mid 17th century BC. A pyramidion bearing his name shows that he possibly completed a pyramid, probably located in the necropolis of Memphis.
The Elephantine Papyri and Ostraca consist of thousands of documents from the Egyptian border fortresses of Elephantine and Aswan, which yielded hundreds of papyri and ostraca in hieratic and demotic Egyptian, Aramaic, Koine Greek, Latin and Coptic, spanning a period of 100 years in the 5th to 4th centuries BCE. The documents include letters and legal contracts from family and other archives, and are thus an invaluable source of knowledge for scholars of varied disciplines such as epistolography, law, society, religion, language and onomastics. The Elephantine documents include letters and legal contracts from family and other archives: divorce documents, the manumission of slaves, and other business. The dry soil of Upper Egypt preserved the documents.
The Turin King List, also known as the Turin Royal Canon, is an ancient Egyptian hieratic papyrus thought to date from the reign of Pharaoh Ramesses II, now in the Museo Egizio in Turin. The papyrus is the most extensive list available of kings compiled by the ancient Egyptians, and is the basis for most chronology before the reign of Ramesses II.
Userkare Khendjer was a minor king of the early Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt during the Middle Kingdom. Khendjer possibly reigned for four to five years, archaeological attestations show that he was on the throne for at least three or four years three months and five days. Khendjer had a small pyramid built for himself in Saqqara and it is therefore likely that his capital was in Memphis.
The Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt was a series of rulers reigning during the Second Intermediate Period over the Nile Delta region of Egypt. It lasted between 75 and 155 years, depending on the scholar. The capital of the dynasty was probably Avaris. The 14th Dynasty existed concurrently with the 13th Dynasty based in Memphis. Some of the contested rulers of the 14th Dynasty are commonly identified by Egyptologists as being of Canaanite (Semitic) descent, owing to the distinct origins of the names of some of their kings and princes, like Ipqu, Yakbim, Qareh, or Yaqub-Har. Names in relation with Nubia are also recorded in two cases, king Nehesy and queen Tati. However, the dynasty rulers are not referred to as Hyksos in the Turin kings list.
Smenkhkare Imyremeshaw was a minor king of the early 13th Dynasty during the late Middle Kingdom. He apparently had a short reign and is mainly attested in the Memphis-Faiyum region in Egypt.
Sekhemkare Amenemhat V was an Egyptian pharaoh of the early 13th Dynasty during the Second Intermediate Period.
Shiphrah and Puah were two midwives who briefly prevented a genocide of children by the Egyptians, according to Exodus 1:15–21. According to the Exodus narrative, they were commanded by the King of Egypt, or Pharaoh, to kill all male Hebrew babies, but they refused to do so. When challenged by the Pharaoh, they told him that Hebrew women's labour was short-lived because they were 'lively' or 'vigorous', and therefore the babies had been born before the midwives arrived. God "dealt well with the midwives" and "made them houses".
Kim Steven Bardrum Ryholt is a professor of Egyptology at the University of Copenhagen and a specialist on Egyptian history and literature. He is director of the research center Canon and Identity Formation in the Earliest Literate Societies under the University of Copenhagen Programme of Excellence and director of The Papyrus Carlsberg Collection & Project.
Ankhu was an Egyptian vizier during the early 13th Dynasty in the late Middle Kingdom. He is believed to have resided in Thebes in Upper Egypt.
The Brooklyn Papyrus is a medical papyrus dating from ancient Egypt and is one of the oldest preserved writings about medicine and ophiology. The manuscript is dated to around 450 BC and is today kept at the Brooklyn Museum in New York City.
Charles Edwin Wilbour was an American journalist and Egyptologist. Wilbour is noted as one of the discoverers of the Elephantine Papyri and the creator of the first English translation of Les Misérables.
Seankhibre Ameny Antef Amenemhat VI was an Egyptian pharaoh of the early Thirteenth Dynasty.
The Papyrus Boulaq 18 is an ancient Egyptian administrative document. It contains an account of the Theban palace dating to the 13th Dynasty. The papyrus lists the palace officials and the rations they received day by day. Important officials mentioned are, for example, the vizier Ankhu, but also the queen Aya. Therefore, the document is of great historical importance. It also reports the journey of the king to the temple at Medamud and reports the arrival of a delegation of Nubians.
The Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt is the third and last dynasty of the Ancient Egyptian New Kingdom period, lasting from 1189 BC to 1077 BC. The 19th and 20th Dynasties together constitute an era known as the Ramesside period. This dynasty is generally considered to mark the beginning of the decline of Ancient Egypt at the transition from the Late Bronze to Iron Age. During the period of the Twentieth Dynasty, Ancient Egypt faced the crisis of invasions by Sea Peoples. The dynasty successfully defended Egypt, while sustaining heavy damage.
Sewadjkare was an Egyptian pharaoh of the 13th Dynasty during the early Second Intermediate Period.
Sewahenre Senebmiu is a poorly attested Egyptian pharaoh during the Second Intermediate Period, thought to belong to the late 13th Dynasty.
Bebnum is a poorly known ruler of Lower Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, reigning in the early or mid 17th century BC.
The Wilbour Papyrus, named after the New York journalist who acquired it, Charles Edwin Wilbour, is the largest known non-funerary papyrus from Ancient Egypt. It is an administrative document which contains a survey of cultivatable lands in the late Ramesside Period of the New Kingdom of Egypt. The papyrus is 10 meters long and divided into two sections, text A and text B. Text A contains an extensive account of lands both privately and collectively owned. Text B is much shorter and contains an account of exclusively royal lands. The Wilbour Papyrus is a rare case of a well preserved look into the economic administration of Ancient Egypt. Egyptologists have been able to use it to produce a more complete analysis of the function of the Ancient Egyptian state.
Resseneb was a short-lived vizier in Upper Egypt during the 13th Dynasty, preceded by his father, the famous Ankhu, and succeeded by his brother Iymeru.
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