Particle Data Group

Last updated

The Particle Data Group (PDG) is an international collaboration of particle physicists that compiles and reanalyzes published results related to the properties of particles and fundamental interactions. It also publishes reviews of theoretical results that are phenomenologically relevant, including those in related fields such as cosmology. The PDG currently publishes the Review of Particle Physics and its pocket version, the Particle Physics Booklet, which are printed biennially as books, and updated annually via the World Wide Web.

Contents

In previous years, the PDG has published the Pocket Diary for Physicists, a calendar with the dates of key international conferences and contact information of major high energy physics institutions, which is now discontinued. [1] PDG also further maintains the standard numbering scheme for particles in event generators, in association with the event generator authors.

Review of Particle Physics

The Review of Particle Physics [2] (formerly Review of Particle Properties, Data on Particles and Resonant States, and Data on Elementary Particles and Resonant States) is a voluminous, 1,200+ page reference work which summarizes particle properties and reviews the current status of elementary particle physics, general relativity and big-bang cosmology. Usually singled out for citation analysis, it is currently the most cited article in high energy physics, being cited more than 2,000 times annually in the scientific literature (as of 2009). [3] [4]

The Review is currently divided into 3 sections:

A condensed version of the Review, with the Summary Tables, a significantly shortened Reviews, Tables and Plots, and without the Particle Listings, is available as a 300-page, pocket-sized Particle Physics Booklet.

The history of Review of Particle Physics can be traced back to the 1957 article Hyperons and Heavy Mesons (Systematics and Decay) by Murray Gell-Mann and Arthur H. Rosenfeld, [5] and the unpublished update tables for its data with the title Data for Elementary Particle Physics (University of California Radiation Laboratory Technical Report UCRL-8030) [6] [7] that were circulated before the actual publication of the original article. In 1963, Matts Roos independently published a compilation Data on Elementary Particles and Resonant States. [8] [9] On his suggestion, the two publications were merged a year later into the 1964 Data on Elementary Particles and Resonant States.

The publication underwent three renamings thereafter: 1965 into Data on Particles and Resonant States, 1970 into Review of Particle Properties, and 1996 into the present form Review of Particle Physics. Starting with 1972, the Review no longer appear exclusively in Reviews of Modern Physics , but also in Physics Letters B , European Physical Journal C , Journal of Physics G , Physical Review D , and Chinese Physics C (depending on the year).

Past editions of Review of Particle Physics

YearTitleReference
1957–1963Hyperons and Heavy Mesons (Systematics and Decay) M. Gell-Mann & A. H. Rosenfeld, Annu. Rev. Nucl. Sci.7, 407 (1957).
Data for Elementary Particle Physics University of California Radiation Laboratory Technical Report UCRL-8030 (unpublished).
Data on Elementary Particles and Resonant States, November 1963; Tables of Elementary Particles and Resonant States M. Roos, Nucl. Phys.52, 1 (1964);
M. Roos, Rev. Mod. Phys.35, 314 (1963).
1964Data on Elementary Particles and Resonant States A. H. Rosenfeld et al., Rev. Mod. Phys.36, 977 (1964).
1965Data on Particles and Resonant States A. H. Rosenfeld et al., Rev. Mod. Phys.37, 633 (1965).
1967Data on Particles and Resonant States A. H. Rosenfeld et al., Rev. Mod. Phys.39, 1 (1967).
1968Data on Particles and Resonant States A. H. Rosenfeld et al., Rev. Mod. Phys.40, 77 (1968).
1969Data on Particles and Resonant States N. Barash-Schmidt et al., Rev. Mod. Phys.41, 109 (1969).
1970Review of Particle Properties A. Barbaro-Galtieri et al., Rev. Mod. Phys.42, 87 (1970).
1971Review of Particle Properties A. Rittenberg et al., Rev. Mod. Phys.43, S1 (1970).
1972Review of Particle Properties A. Barbaro-Galtieri et al., Phys. Lett. B39, 1 (1972).
1973Review of Particle Properties T. A. Lasinski et al., Rev. Mod. Phys.45, S1 (1973).
1974Review of Particle Properties A. Barbaro-Galtieri et al., Phys. Lett. B50, 1 (1974).
1975Review of Particle Properties: Supplement to 1974 edition A. Barbaro-Galtieri et al., Rev. Mod. Phys.47, 535 (1975).
1976Review of Particle Properties T. G. Trippe et al., Rev. Mod. Phys.48, S1 (1976).
1977New Particle Searches and Discoveries: A Supplement to the 1976 Edition of "Review of Particle Properties" C. Bricman et al.Phys. Lett. B68, 1 (1978).
1978Review of Particle Properties C. Bricman et al.Phys. Lett. B75, 1 (1978).
1980Review of Particle Properties R. L. Kelly et al., Rev. Mod. Phys.52, S1 (1980).
1982Review of Particle Properties M. Roos et al., Phys. Lett. B111, 1 (1982).
1984Review of Particle Properties C. G. Wohl et al., Rev. Mod. Phys.56, S1 (1986).
1986Review of Particle Properties M. Aguilar-Benítez et al., Phys. Lett. B170, 1 (1986).
1988Review of Particle Properties G. P. Yost et al., Phys. Lett. B204, 1 (1988).
1990Review of Particle PropertiesJ. J. Hernández et al., Phys. Lett. B239, 1 (1990).
1992Review of Particle Properties K. Hikasa et al., Phys. Rev. D45, S1 (1992).
1994Review of Particle Properties L. Montanet et al., Phys. Rev. D50, 1173 (1994).
1996Review of Particle Physics R. M. Barnett et al., Phys. Rev. D54, 1 (1996).
1998Review of Particle Physics C. Caso et al., Eur. Phys. J. C3, 1 (1998).
2000Review of Particle PhysicsD. E. Groom et al., Eur. Phys. J. C15, 1 (2000).
2002Review of Particle Physics K. Hagiwara et al., Phys. Rev. D66, 010001 (2002).
2004Review of Particle Physics S. Eidelman et al., Phys. Lett. B591, 1 (2004).
2006Review of Particle Physics W.-M. Yao et al., J. Phys. G33, 1 (2006).
2008Review of Particle Physics C. Amsler et al., Phys. Lett. B667, 1 (2008).
2010Review of Particle Physics K. Nakamura et al. (Particle Data Group), J. Phys. G 37, 075021 (2010)
2012Review of Particle Physics J. Beringer et al. (Particle Data Group), Phys. Rev. D 86, 010001 (2012)
2014Review of Particle Physics K.A. Olive et al. (Particle Data Group), Chin. Phys. C 38, 090001 (2014).
2016Review of Particle Physics C. Patrignani et al. (Particle Data Group), Chin. Phys. C 40, 100001 (2016).
2018Review of Particle Physics M. Tanabashi et al. (Particle Data Group), Phys. Rev. D 98, 030001 (2018).
2020Review of Particle Physics P.A. Zyla et al. (Particle Data Group), 083C01 (2020).
2022Review of Particle Physics R.L. Workman et al. (Particle Data Group), Prog. Theor. Exp. Phys. 2022, 083C01 (2022).

See also

Related Research Articles

In particle physics, a hadron is a composite subatomic particle made of two or more quarks held together by the strong interaction. They are analogous to molecules that are held together by the electric force. Most of the mass of ordinary matter comes from two hadrons: the proton and the neutron, while most of the mass of the protons and neutrons is in turn due to the binding energy of their constituent quarks, due to the strong force.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Meson</span> Subatomic particle; made of equal numbers of quarks and antiquarks

In particle physics, a meson is a type of hadronic subatomic particle composed of an equal number of quarks and antiquarks, usually one of each, bound together by the strong interaction. Because mesons are composed of quark subparticles, they have a meaningful physical size, a diameter of roughly one femtometre (10−15 m), which is about 0.6 times the size of a proton or neutron. All mesons are unstable, with the longest-lived lasting for only a few tenths of a nanosecond. Heavier mesons decay to lighter mesons and ultimately to stable electrons, neutrinos and photons.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Quark</span> Elementary particle

A quark is a type of elementary particle and a fundamental constituent of matter. Quarks combine to form composite particles called hadrons, the most stable of which are protons and neutrons, the components of atomic nuclei. All commonly observable matter is composed of up quarks, down quarks and electrons. Owing to a phenomenon known as color confinement, quarks are never found in isolation; they can be found only within hadrons, which include baryons and mesons, or in quark–gluon plasmas. For this reason, much of what is known about quarks has been drawn from observations of hadrons.

The strange quark or s quark is the third lightest of all quarks, a type of elementary particle. Strange quarks are found in subatomic particles called hadrons. Examples of hadrons containing strange quarks include kaons, strange D mesons, Sigma baryons, and other strange particles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Omega baryon</span>

The omega baryons are a family of subatomic hadron particles that are represented by the symbol
Ω
 and are either neutral or have a +2, +1 or −1 elementary charge. They are baryons containing no up or down quarks. Omega baryons containing top quarks are not expected to be observed. This is because the Standard Model predicts the mean lifetime of top quarks to be roughly 5×10−25 s, which is about a twentieth of the timescale for strong interactions, and therefore that they do not form hadrons.

The up quark or u quark is the lightest of all quarks, a type of elementary particle, and a significant constituent of matter. It, along with the down quark, forms the neutrons and protons of atomic nuclei. It is part of the first generation of matter, has an electric charge of +2/3 e and a bare mass of 2.2+0.5
−0.4 MeV/c2. Like all quarks, the up quark is an elementary fermion with spin 1/2, and experiences all four fundamental interactions: gravitation, electromagnetism, weak interactions, and strong interactions. The antiparticle of the up quark is the up antiquark, which differs from it only in that some of its properties, such as charge have equal magnitude but opposite sign.

The down quark is a type of elementary particle, and a major constituent of matter. The down quark is the second-lightest of all quarks, and combines with other quarks to form composite particles called hadrons. Down quarks are most commonly found in atomic nuclei, where it combines with up quarks to form protons and neutrons. The proton is made of one down quark with two up quarks, and the neutron is made up of two down quarks with one up quark. Because they are found in every single known atom, down quarks are present in all everyday matter that we interact with.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kaon</span> Quantum particle

In particle physics, a kaon, also called a K meson and denoted
K
, is any of a group of four mesons distinguished by a quantum number called strangeness. In the quark model they are understood to be bound states of a strange quark and an up or down antiquark.

In particle physics, strangeness ("S") is a property of particles, expressed as a quantum number, for describing decay of particles in strong and electromagnetic interactions which occur in a short period of time. The strangeness of a particle is defined as:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hyperon</span> Type of strange baryon

In particle physics, a hyperon is any baryon containing one or more strange quarks, but no charm, bottom, or top quark. This form of matter may exist in a stable form within the core of some neutron stars. Hyperons are sometimes generically represented by the symbol Y.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eightfold way (physics)</span> Classification scheme for hadrons

In physics, the eightfold way is an organizational scheme for a class of subatomic particles known as hadrons that led to the development of the quark model. American physicist Murray Gell-Mann and Israeli physicist Yuval Ne'eman both proposed the idea in 1961. The name comes from Gell-Mann's (1961) paper and is an allusion to the Noble Eightfold Path of Buddhism.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pseudoscalar meson</span> Meson with total spin 0 and odd parity

In high-energy physics, a pseudoscalar meson is a meson with total spin 0 and odd parity . Pseudoscalar mesons are commonly seen in proton-proton scattering and proton-antiproton annihilation, and include the pion, kaon, eta, and eta prime particles, whose masses are known with great precision.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Exotic hadron</span> Subatomic particles consisting of quarks and gluons

Exotic hadrons are subatomic particles composed of quarks and gluons, but which – unlike "well-known" hadrons such as protons, neutrons and mesons – consist of more than three valence quarks. By contrast, "ordinary" hadrons contain just two or three quarks. Hadrons with explicit valence gluon content would also be considered exotic. In theory, there is no limit on the number of quarks in a hadron, as long as the hadron's color charge is white, or color-neutral.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Quark model</span> Classification scheme of hadrons

In particle physics, the quark model is a classification scheme for hadrons in terms of their valence quarks—the quarks and antiquarks which give rise to the quantum numbers of the hadrons. The quark model underlies "flavor SU(3)", or the Eightfold Way, the successful classification scheme organizing the large number of lighter hadrons that were being discovered starting in the 1950s and continuing through the 1960s. It received experimental verification beginning in the late 1960s and is a valid effective classification of them to date. The model was independently proposed by physicists Murray Gell-Mann, who dubbed them "quarks" in a concise paper, and George Zweig, who suggested "aces" in a longer manuscript. André Petermann also touched upon the central ideas from 1963 to 1965, without as much quantitative substantiation. Today, the model has essentially been absorbed as a component of the established quantum field theory of strong and electroweak particle interactions, dubbed the Standard Model.

The sigma baryons are a family of subatomic hadron particles which have two quarks from the first flavour generation, and a third quark from a higher flavour generation, in a combination where the wavefunction sign remains constant when any two quark flavours are swapped. They are thus baryons, with total isospin of 1, and can either be neutral or have an elementary charge of +2, +1, 0, or −1. They are closely related to the Lambda baryons, which differ only in the wavefunction's behaviour upon flavour exchange.

The timeline of particle physics lists the sequence of particle physics theories and discoveries in chronological order. The most modern developments follow the scientific development of the discipline of particle physics.

Paul Heinrich Söding is a German physicist. He is best known for his work in particle physics and as former director of research of the German particle physics lab DESY.

References

  1. ↑ "Order PDG products". Particle Data Group. Retrieved 3 September 2020.
  2. ↑ C. Amsler; et al. (2008). "Review of Particle Physics" (PDF). Physics Letters B . 667 (1–5): 1–6. Bibcode:2008PhLB..667....1A. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018. hdl: 1854/LU-685594 . PMID   10020536. S2CID   227119789.
  3. ↑ T. Brooks (2008). "The 50 topcited papers from SPIRES in 2007". Symmetry Magazine . Retrieved 2009-10-08.
  4. ↑ "INSPIRE HEP: Most cited papers since 2016".
  5. ↑ M. Gell-Mann; A. H. Rosenfeld (1957). "Hyperons and Heavy Mesons (Systematics and Decay)" (PDF). Annual Review of Nuclear Science . 7: 407–478. Bibcode:1957ARNPS...7..407G. doi:10.1146/annurev.ns.07.120157.002203. hdl: 2027/mdp.39015086417295 .
  6. ↑ A. H. Rosenfeld; et al. (1964). "Data on Elementary Particles and Resonant States" (PDF). Reviews of Modern Physics . 36 (4): 977–1004. Bibcode:1964RvMP...36..977R. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.36.977.
  7. ↑ A. H. Rosenfeld (1975). "The Particle Data Group: Growth and Operations-Eighteen Years of Particle Physics". Annual Review of Nuclear Science . 25: 555–598. Bibcode:1975ARNPS..25..555R. doi:10.1146/annurev.ns.25.120175.003011.
  8. ↑ M. Roos (1964). "Data on elementary particles and resonant states, November 1963". Nuclear Physics . 52: 1–24. Bibcode:1964NucPh..52....1R. doi:10.1016/0029-5582(64)90671-6.
  9. ↑ M. Roos (1963). "Tables of Elementary Particles and Resonant States". Reviews of Modern Physics . 35 (2): 314–323. Bibcode:1963RvMP...35..314R. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.35.314.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.