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The Greek Dark Ages was the period of Greek history from the end of the Mycenaean palatial civilization, around 1100 BC, to the beginning of the Archaic age, around 750 BC, It followed the so-called Late Bronze Age collapse of civilisation in the Eastern Mediterranean world in c. 1200-1150, as the great palaces and cities of the Mycenaeans were destroyed or abandoned. At around the same time, the Hittite civilization also suffered serious disruption, with cities from Troy to Gaza being destroyed. In Egypt, the New Kingdom fell into disarray, leading to the Third Intermediate Period of Egypt. Following the collapse, there were fewer, smaller settlements, suggesting widespread famine and depopulation. In Greece, the Linear B script used by Mycenaean bureaucrats to write the Greek language ceased to be used, and the Greek alphabet did not develop until the beginning of the archaic period. The decoration on Greek pottery after about 1100 BC lacks the figurative decoration of Mycenaean ware and is restricted to simpler, generally geometric styles (1000–700 BC).
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Mycenaean Greece was the last phase of the Bronze Age in Ancient Greece, spanning the period from approximately 1750 to 1050 BC. It represents the first advanced and distinctively Greek civilization in mainland Greece with its palatial states, urban organization, works of art, and writing system. The Mycenaeans were mainland Greek peoples who were likely stimulated by their contact with insular Minoan Crete and other Mediterranean cultures to develop a more sophisticated sociopolitical culture of their own. The most prominent site was Mycenae, after which the culture of this era is named. Other centers of power that emerged included Pylos, Tiryns, and Midea in the Peloponnese, Orchomenos, Thebes, and Athens in Central Greece, and Iolcos in Thessaly. Mycenaean settlements also appeared in Epirus, Macedonia, on islands in the Aegean Sea, on the south-west coast of Asia Minor, and on Cyprus, while Mycenaean-influenced settlements appeared in the Levant and Italy.
The British School at Athens (BSA) is an institute for advanced research, one of the eight British International Research Institutes supported by the British Academy, that promotes the study of Greece in all its aspects. Under UK law it is a registered educational charity, which translates to a non-profit organisation in American and Greek law. It also is one of the 19 Foreign Archaeological Institutes defined by Hellenic Law No. 3028/2002, "On the Protection of Antiquities and Cultural Heritage in General," passed by the Greek Parliament in 2002. Under that law the 17 accredited foreign institutes may perform systematic excavation in Greece with the permission of the government.
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Cypriot Bichrome ware is a type of Late Bronze Age, and Iron Age, pottery that is found widely on Cyprus and in the Eastern Mediterranean. This type of pottery is found in many sites on Cyprus, in the Levant, and also in Egypt. It was typically produced on a pottery wheel. A large variety of decorations and motifs are attested. This pottery is very similar to certain types of the Mycenaean pottery from various locations.
The Mycenaean palace amphora with octopus in the National Archaeological Museum of Athens (NAMA) with inventory number Π 6725 is dated to the 15th century BC. It was found in the second grave of the Mycenaean cemetery at Prosymna, near Argos.
Susan Sherratt is Reader in Mediterranean Archaeology at the University of Sheffield. Her research focuses on the archaeology of the Bronze and Early Iron Ages of the Aegean, Cyprus and the eastern Mediterranean, especially trade and interaction within and beyond these regions.
Wadi Shuʿeib is a Neolithic archaeological site in Wadi Shuʿeib, Jordan. Considered a "mega-site", it consists of the remains of large village occupied through the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B and Late Neolithic periods.
References
- 1 2 "Penelope-Anne Mountjoy". CYAthens. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
- ↑ "Penelope A. Mountjoy. The British School at Athens 2010 Grant Recipient". Harvard University. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
- ↑ "Fellows and their Projects Class of 2014-2015". Albright Institute of Archaeological Research. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
- ↑ "Mountjoy, Penelope | ANAMED" . Retrieved 9 November 2021.
- ↑ "Dr Penelope Mountjoy". Society of Antiquaries of London. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
- ↑ "Mountjoy Penelope-Anne - CYA - College Year in Athens" . Retrieved 9 November 2021.
- ↑ "Mountjoy Penelope-Anne - CYA - College Year in Athens" . Retrieved 4 December 2021.
- ↑ Maeir, Aren M. (2021). "Review of Decorated Pottery in Cyprus and Philistia in the 12th Century BC, Cypriot IIIC and Philistine IIIC, Volumes I–II. By Penelope Mountjoy. Contributions to the Chronology of the Eastern Mediterranean 36. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2018. Volume 1: Pp. 681; Volume 2: Pp. 606 + numerous illustrations. 290€ (Cloth)". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 80: 211–213. doi:10.1086/712947.
- ↑ FISCHER, PETER M.; BÜRGE, TERESA (2017). "Sea Peoples" Up-to-Date: New Research on Transformation in the Eastern Mediterranean in 13th-11th Centuries BCE (1 ed.). Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1v2xvsn.23. ISBN 978-3-7001-7963-4.
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