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The Perikatan Perempuan Indonesia (PPI) (Indonesian Women Association) was a women's organization in Indonesia, founded in 1928. It changed its name to Persatuan Perkumpulan Istri Indonesia (PPII) (Federation of Indonesian Wives/Women's Association) in 1929. [1] It was the first national organization for women in Indonesia.
The women's movement in Indonesia started to organize in the form of women's branches associated with the independence movement groups in the 1910s.
On 22–25 December 1928 the first women's conference in Indonesia was held in Yogjakarta, during which thirty smaller women's groups united to form the umbrella organization PPI, which was considered a major milestone in the development of the women's movement in Indonesia. [1]
One of the biggest issues engaging the women's movement was the question of male polygamy. This however caused a split between secular and religious fractions of the PPI, since the religious did not want to criticise the custom. The movement managed to keep its unity by a focus on the independence struggle, which was a shared goal.
During the Japanese Occupation (1942–1945), all women's associations were dissolved and replaced by the mandatory Japanese state womens association Fujinkai, which mobilised women for war work. After the war, the re-established women's movement united in the umbrella organization KOWANI in 1946 to participate in the struggle for independence. Women were given suffrage and basic equal rights with men in the constitution of the new nation of Indonesia upon its independence in 1949. [1]
The Indonesian National Revolution, also known as the Indonesian War of Independence, was an armed conflict and diplomatic struggle between the Republic of Indonesia and the Dutch Empire and an internal social revolution during postwar and postcolonial Indonesia. It took place between Indonesia's declaration of independence in 1945 and the Netherlands' transfer of sovereignty over the Dutch East Indies to the Republic of the United States of Indonesia at the end of 1949.
Women's suffrage is the right of women to vote in elections. At the beginning of the 18th century, some people sought to change voting laws to allow women to vote. Liberal political parties would go on to grant women the right to vote, increasing the number of those parties' potential constituencies. National and international organizations formed to coordinate efforts towards women voting, especially the International Woman Suffrage Alliance.
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The Pramuka Movement of Indonesia, officially the Praja Muda Karana Scouting Movement, is the national scouting organization of Indonesia. Scouting was founded in the Dutch East Indies in 1912, and Indonesia became a member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM) in 1953. Its membership is compulsory for students. It has 21,599,748 members, making it the world's largest Scout association.
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Hajjah Rangkayo Rasuna Said was a campaigner for Indonesian independence and women's rights, particularly their rights to education and participation in politics. Being politically active herself prior and after Indonesia's independence, Rasuna Said became a member of various political organizations and later served as a member of the Provisional People's Representative Council and the Supreme Advisory Council under Sukarno's tenure. Due to her involvement in Indonesia's struggle for independence, she was recognized posthumously as an Indonesian national heroine.
The Indonesian Political Federation was an umbrella organization of various nationalist organizations in the Dutch East Indies which existed from 1939 to 1942. Founded to unite the nationalist movement, GAPI championed the creation of an Indonesian parliament in exchange for cooperation with the Dutch colonial government. The federation consisted of eight political parties. GAPI was dissolved shortly after the invasion of the colony by the Empire of Japan in 1942.
Singanhoe (Korean: 신간회) or the New Trunk Association was a Korean independence activist group founded on February 15, 1927 during the Japanese colonial period. It unified Korean socialist and nationalist factions and maintained a unilateral independence movement until May 1931. Including both Korean and overseas branches, this organization was able to attract a total membership of between 30,000 and 40,000 people. While internal strife between leftist and rightist factions was a consistent obstacle, the Singanhoe actively pursued several goals:
The West New Guinea dispute (1950–1962), also known as the West Irian dispute, was a diplomatic and political conflict between the Netherlands and Indonesia over the territory of Dutch New Guinea. While the Netherlands had ceded sovereignty over most of the Dutch East Indies to Indonesia on 27 December 1949 following an independence struggle, it retained control over its colony on the western half of New Guinea. The Indonesian government claimed this territory as well, on the basis that it had belonged to the Dutch East Indies and that the new Republic of Indonesia was the legitimate successor to the former Dutch colony.
Perhimpoenan Indonesia or PI was an Indonesian student association in the Netherlands in the first half of the twentieth century. It was established under the Dutch name Indische Vereeniging. It later changed its name to Indonesische Vereeniging in 1922, and its Malay translation Perhimpoenan Indonesia in 1925. Although small in membership numbers – throughout the period between 30 and 150 members – the organization was important because it was one of the first to campaign for full Indonesian independence from the Netherlands, and because many PI-students would later acquire prominent political positions in the independent state of Indonesia.
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The Indonesian Women's Congress, often known by its Indonesian acronym Kowani, is a federation of Indonesian women's organizations which was founded in 1946. Its headquarters are located in Jakarta. The name also refers to national congresses which have taken place regularly since 1928. Since its founding the Congress has included women from various political and religious backgrounds; it has generally allowed independence and autonomy for its member organizations.
Umi Sardjono was a prominent Indonesian activist who fought for the independence of the country and supported women's rights. She was involved in the anti-fascist and anti-war movements from the 1940s to the 1960s. As a resistance fighter during the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies, she and her husband operated a food stall which served as a message center for the underground. Captured in 1944, the couple were imprisoned until the surrender of Japan. On gaining release, they worked in the independence movement hoping to free Indonesia from Dutch rule.
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