Peter Raymundi

Last updated

PeterRaymundi, or Pere-Ramon (1050-?) was the heir of Ramon Berenguer I, Count of Barcelona and his first wife, Isabela Trencavel, daughter of Count Sancho of Gascony, known for the murder of his stepmother, Almodis de la Marche in October 1071. Raymundi was apparently concerned about Almodis' influence and worried she was trying to replace him, but was disinherited and exiled for his crime.

Penance

In 1073 the Roman cardinals, at the behest of Gregory VII, [1] sentenced Raymundi to an abnormal penance that both fit the political situation, and demonstrated Gregory's stance on harsh penance. [1] Raymundi's 24 year penance consisted of an inability to bear arms, [2] rather than a more usual demand to join a monastery, or go on a pilgrimage. [3] One facet was that he "should on no account carry military arms, except in two contingencies: to defend himself against enemies, and to ride to battle against the Saracens". [4] Raymundi had no one to fight but the Muslims, and in the interest of maintaining his 'booty economy' wealth and influence, became part of the Reconquista.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pope Urban II</span> Head of the Catholic Church from 1088 to 1099

Pope Urban II, otherwise known as Odo of Châtillon or Otho de Lagery, was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 12 March 1088 to his death. He is best known for convening the Council of Clermont which served as the catalyst for the Crusades.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pope Gregory VII</span> Head of the Catholic Church from 1073 to 1085

Pope Gregory VII, born Hildebrand of Sovana, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 22 April 1073 to his death in 1085. He is venerated as a saint in the Catholic Church.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alfonso VII of León and Castile</span> King of León, Castile, and Galicia from 1126 to 1157

Alfonso VII, called the Emperor, became the King of Galicia in 1111 and King of León and Castile in 1126. Alfonso, born Alfonso Raimúndez, first used the title Emperor of All Spain, alongside his mother Urraca, once she vested him with the direct rule of Toledo in 1116. Alfonso later held another investiture in 1135 in a grand ceremony reasserting his claims to the imperial title. He was the son of Urraca of León and Raymond of Burgundy, the first of the House of Ivrea to rule in the Iberian peninsula.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona</span> 11th Century Holy Roman Empire nobleman

Ramon Berenguer IIIthe Great was the count of Barcelona, Girona, and Ausona from 1086, Besalú from 1111, Cerdanya from 1117, and count of Provence in the Holy Roman Empire, from 1112, all until his death in Barcelona in 1131. As Ramon Berenguer I, he was Count of Provence in right of his wife.

Berenguer Ramon II "the Fratricide" was count of Barcelona from 1076 to 1097. He was the son of Ramon Berenguer I and Almodis of La Marche, and initially ruled jointly with his twin brother Ramon Berenguer II.

Ramon Berenguer IIthe Towhead or Cap de estopes was Count of Barcelona from 1076 until his death. He was the son of Ramon Berenguer I, Count of Barcelona, and Almodis de La Marche. The Chronicle of San Juan de la Pena called him, "… exceeding brave and bold, kind, pleasant, pious, joyful, generous, and of an attractive appearance". Because of the extremely thick hair he had on top of his head, he was known as Cap d'Estop."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ramon Berenguer I, Count of Barcelona</span> Count of Barcelona (1023–1076)

Ramon Berenguer I (1023–1076), called the Old, was Count of Barcelona in 1035–1076. He promulgated the earliest versions of a written code of Catalan law, the Usages of Barcelona.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nur ad-Din (died 1174)</span> Emir of Aleppo (1146–1174) and Damascus (1154-1174)

Nūr al-Dīn Maḥmūd Zengī, commonly known as Nur ad-Din, was a member of the Zengid dynasty, which ruled the Syrian province (Shām) of the Seljuk Empire. He reigned from 1146 to 1174. He is regarded as an important figure of the Second Crusade.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crusader states</span> Christian states in the Levant, 1098–1291

The Crusader States, also known as Outremer, were four Catholic realms in the Middle East that lasted from 1098 to 1291. These feudal polities were created by the Latin Catholic leaders of the First Crusade through conquest and political intrigue. The four states were the County of Edessa (1098–1150), the Principality of Antioch (1098–1287), the County of Tripoli (1102–1289), and the Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099–1291). The Kingdom of Jerusalem covered what is now Israel and Palestine, the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and adjacent areas. The other northern states covered what are now Syria, south-eastern Turkey, and Lebanon. The description "Crusader states" can be misleading, as from 1130 very few of the Frankish population were crusaders. The term Outremer, used by medieval and modern writers as a synonym, is derived from the French for overseas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">County of Tripoli</span> Crusader state in the Levant from 1102 to 1289

The County of Tripoli (1102–1289) was the last of the Crusader states. It was founded in the Levant in the modern-day region of Tripoli, northern Lebanon and parts of western Syria which supported an indigenous population of Christians, Druze and Muslims. When the Frankish Crusaders – mostly southern French forces – captured the region in 1109, Bertrand of Toulouse became the first count of Tripoli as a vassal of King Baldwin I of Jerusalem. From that time, the rule of the county was decided not strictly by inheritance but by factors such as military force, favour and negotiation. In 1289 the County of Tripoli fell to Sultan Qalawun of the Muslim Mamluks of Cairo. The county was absorbed into Mamluk Egypt.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona</span> Count of Barcelona from 1131 to 1162

Ramon Berenguer IV, sometimes called the Saint, was the count of Barcelona who brought about the union of the County of Barcelona with the Kingdom of Aragon to form the Crown of Aragon.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crusading movement</span> Series of religious wars in late medieval times

The First Crusade inspired the crusading movement, which became an important part of late medieval western culture. The movement influenced the Church, politics, the economy, society and created a distinct ideology that described, regulated, and promoted crusading. It was defined by legal and theological terms based on the concepts of holy war and pilgrimage. Theologically, the movement merged ideas of Old Testament wars instigated and assisted by God with New Testament ideas of forming personal relationships with Christ. The concept of crusading as holy war was based on the ancient idea of just war, in which an authority initiates the war, there is just cause, and the war is waged with pure intention. Crusades were seen as special pilgrimages—a physical and spiritual journey under the authority and protection of the Church. Pilgrimage and crusade were penitent acts and Crusade participants were considered part of Christ's army. While this was only metaphorical before the First Crusade, the concept transferred from the clergy to the wider world. Crusaders attached crosses of cloth to their outfits marking them as followers and devotees of Christ, responding to the biblical passage in Luke 9:23 which instructed them to carry one's cross and follow Christ. Anyone could be involved and those who died campaigning were considered martyrs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Council of Vienne</span> Ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church (1311–1312)

The Council of Vienne was the fifteenth ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church and met between 1311 and 1312 in Vienne, France. One of its principal acts was to withdraw papal support for the Knights Templar at the instigation of Philip IV of France. The Council, unable to decide on a course of action, tabled the discussion. In March 1312 Philip arrived and pressured the Council and Clement to act. Clement passed papal bulls dissolving the Templar Order, confiscating their lands, and labeling them heretics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Almodis of La Marche</span> French noblewoman

Almodis de la Marche was a French noble. She was famed for her marriage career, in particularly for her third marriage to Ramon Berenguer I, Count of Barcelona, with whom she committed double bigamy in 1053, for which the Pope had them excommunicated.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Everard des Barres</span> Third Grand Master of the Knights Templa

Everard des Barres was the third Grand Master of the Knights Templar from 1147 to 1152.

Hugh VI, called the Devilish, was the Lord of Lusignan and Count of La Marche, the son and successor of Hugh V of Lusignan and Almodis de la Marche.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Siege of Lisbon</span> Sieges involving Portugal

The siege of Lisbon, from 1 July to 25 October 1147, was the military action against the Muslim-ruled Taifa of Badajoz that brought the city of Lisbon under the definitive control of the new Christian power, the Kingdom of Portugal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of al-Babein</span> Battle in Egypt in 1167

The Battle of al-Babein took place on March 18, 1167, during the third Crusader invasion of Egypt. King Amalric I of Jerusalem, and a Zengid army under Shirkuh, both hoped to take the control of Egypt over from the Fatimid Caliphate. Saladin served as Shirkuh’s highest-ranking officer in the battle. The result was a tactical draw between the forces, however the Crusaders failed to gain access to Egypt.

The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the medieval period. The best known of these Crusades are those to the Holy Land in the period between 1095 and 1291 that were intended to recover Jerusalem and its surrounding area from Islamic rule. Beginning with the First Crusade, which resulted in the recovery of Jerusalem in 1099, dozens of Crusades were fought, providing a focal point of European history for centuries.

Ebles II, also called Eble or Ebale, was the second Count of Roucy (1063–1103) of the House of Montdidier. He was the son and successor of Hilduin IV of Montdidier and Alice (Alix), daughter of Ebles I of Roucy. He is famous for his participation in the Reconquista, as well as for being one of the unruly barons of the Île-de-France subjugated by King Louis VI while he was still a prince. His life and character are summed up by Suger in his history of the reign of Louis VI: "Ebles was a man of great military prowess—indeed he became so bold that one day he set out for Spain with an army of a size fit only for a king—his feats of arms only made him more outrageous and rapacious in pillage, rape and all over evils."

References

  1. 1 2 Cowdrey, H. E. J. (1998). Pope Gregory VII, 1073-1085. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 512. ISBN   0191584592.
  2. Jotischky, Andrew (2014). Crusading and the Crusader States. Routledge. p. 27. ISBN   978-1317876021.
  3. Jotischky, Andrew (2015). The Crusades: A Beginner's Guide. 1780745028: Oneworld Publications via Google Books.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  4. Mastnak, Tomaz (2002). Crusading Peace: Christendom, the Muslim World, and Western Political Order. University of California Press. p. 41. ISBN   0520226356.