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Asperger syndrome (AS),also known as Asperger's syndrome,formerly described a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significant difficulties in social interaction and nonverbal communication combined with restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior and interests. The syndrome has been merged with other disorders into autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and is no longer considered a stand-alone diagnosis. It was considered to differ from other diagnoses that were merged into ASD by relatively unimpaired spoken language and intelligence.
The diagnostic category pervasive developmental disorders (PDD),as opposed to specific developmental disorders (SDD),was a group of disorders characterized by delays in the development of multiple basic functions including socialization and communication. It was defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM),and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD).
Lorna Gladys Wing was an English psychiatrist. She was a pioneer in the field of childhood developmental disorders,who advanced understanding of autism worldwide,introduced the term Asperger syndrome in 1976 and was involved in founding the National Autistic Society (NAS) in the UK.
Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) is a historic psychiatric diagnosis first defined in 1980 that has since been incorporated into autism spectrum disorder in the DSM-5 (2013).
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental disorders that begin in early childhood,persist throughout adulthood,and affect three crucial areas of development:communication,social interaction and restricted patterns of behavior. There are many conditions comorbid to autism spectrum disorders such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and epilepsy.
High-functioning autism (HFA) was historically an autism classification where a person exhibits no intellectual disability,but may experience difficulty in communication,emotion recognition,expression,and social interaction.
Nonverbal learning disability (NVLD) is a proposed category of neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by core deficits in visual-spatial processing and a significant discrepancy between verbal and nonverbal intelligence. A review of papers found that proposed diagnostic criteria were inconsistent. Proposed additional diagnostic criteria include intact verbal intelligence,and deficits in the following:visuoconstruction abilities,speech prosody,fine-motor coordination,mathematical reasoning,visuospatial memory and social skills. NVLD is not recognised by the DSM-5 and is not clinically distinct from learning disorder.
The epidemiology of autism is the study of the incidence and distribution of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). A 2022 systematic review of global prevalence of autism spectrum disorders found a median prevalence of 1% in children in studies published from 2012 to 2021,with a trend of increasing prevalence over time. However,the study's 1% figure may reflect an underestimate of prevalence in low- and middle-income countries.
A spectrum disorder is a disorder that includes a range of linked conditions,sometimes also extending to include singular symptoms and traits. The different elements of a spectrum either have a similar appearance or are thought to be caused by the same underlying mechanism. In either case,a spectrum approach is taken because there appears to be "not a unitary disorder but rather a syndrome composed of subgroups". The spectrum may represent a range of severity,comprising relatively "severe" mental disorders through to relatively "mild and nonclinical deficits".
Asperger syndrome (AS) was formerly a separate diagnosis under autism spectrum disorder. Under the DSM-5 and ICD-11,patients formerly diagnosable with Asperger syndrome are diagnosable with Autism Spectrum Disorder. The term is considered offensive by some autistic individuals. It was named after Hans Asperger (1906–80),who was an Austrian psychiatrist and pediatrician. An English psychiatrist,Lorna Wing,popularized the term "Asperger's syndrome" in a 1981 publication;the first book in English on Asperger syndrome was written by Uta Frith in 1991 and the condition was subsequently recognized in formal diagnostic manuals later in the 1990s.
Pathological demand avoidance (PDA) or extreme demand avoidance (EDA) is a proposed disorder and sub-type of autism spectrum disorder,defined by characteristics such as a greater-than-typical refusal to comply with requests or expectations and extreme efforts to avoid the social demand. Any expectation,even familiar,routine activities for highly desired activities,such as getting ready to leave home to visit a playground,can trigger avoidant behavior,and if the demand cannot be avoided,a panic attack or a meltdown may ensue.
Classic autism,also known as childhood autism,autistic disorder,(early) infantile autism,infantile psychosis,Kanner's autism,Kanner's syndrome,or (formerly) just autism,is a neurodevelopmental condition first described by Leo Kanner in 1943. It is characterized by atypical and impaired development in social interaction and communication as well as restricted,repetitive behaviors,activities,and interests. These symptoms first appear in early childhood and persist throughout life.
Several factors complicate the diagnosis of Asperger syndrome (AS),an autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Like other ASD forms,Asperger syndrome is characterized by impairment in social interaction accompanied by restricted and repetitive interests and behavior;it differs from the other ASDs by having no general delay in language or cognitive development. Problems in diagnosis include disagreement among diagnostic criteria,the controversy over the distinction between AS and other ASD forms or even whether AS exists as a separate syndrome,and over- and under-diagnosis for non-technical reasons. As with other ASD forms,early diagnosis is important,and differential diagnosis must consider several other conditions.
Michael Fitzgerald is an Irish professor of child and adolescent psychiatry,specialising in autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
Fred Robert Volkmar is a psychiatrist,psychologist,and the Irving B. Harris Professor of Child Psychiatry,Pediatrics,and Psychology at the Yale School of Medicine. From 2006 to 2014,he was the director of the Yale Child Study Center and the head of child psychiatry at Yale New Haven Hospital. Prior to these appointments,he was the director of the Autism Program at the Yale Child Study Center since 1983.
The history of autism spans over a century,autism has been subject to varying treatments,being pathologized or being viewed as a beneficial part of human neurodiversity. The understanding of autism has been shaped by cultural,scientific,and societal factors,and its perception and treatment change over time as scientific understanding of autism develops.
The Ritvo Autism &Asperger Diagnostic Scale (RAADS) is a psychological self-rating scale developed by Dr. Riva Ariella Ritvo. An abridged and translated 14 question version was then developed at the Department of Clinical Neuroscience at the Karolinska Institute,to aid in the identification of patients who may have undiagnosed ASD.
Social (pragmatic) communication disorder (SPCD),also known as pragmatic language impairment (PLI),is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significant difficulties in the social use of verbal and nonverbal communication. Individuals with SPCD struggle to effectively engage in social interactions,interpret social cues,and use language appropriately in social contexts. This disorder can have a profound impact on an individual's ability to establish and maintain relationships,navigate social situations,and participate in academic and professional settings. Although SPCD shares similarities with other communication disorders,such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD),it is recognized as a distinct diagnostic category with its own set of diagnostic criteria and features.
Edward Ross Ritvo was an American psychiatrist known for his research on genetic components of autism. He was a professor emeritus of UCLA's Neuropsychiatric Institute.
References
- 1 2 "Interview with Dr. Peter Szatmari, MD". Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 20 (4): 312–314. November 2011. ISSN 1719-8429. PMC 3222576 . PMID 22114614.
- ↑ "Old Boys". James FitzGerald. Retrieved 2024-01-09.
- ↑ Grant-Oyeye, Lind (2022). "Dr. Peter Szatmari". Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 31 (2): 103–106. ISSN 1719-8429. PMC 9084376 . PMID 35614952.
- ↑ CAIRN: Canadian Autism Intervention Research Network. Peter Szatmari. Archived 2006-06-14 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 11 July 2006.
- ↑ "Peter Szatmari | SickKids Directory". SickKids. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
- ↑ Szatmari, Peter. "Studies in autism/PDD". Archived from the original on October 17, 2007. Retrieved 2006-07-12.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link). Retrieved on 11 July 2006. - 1 2 Szatmari, P., Brenner, R. and Nagy, J. (1989) Asperger's syndrome: A review of clinical features. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 34, pp. 554-560.
- ↑ McMaster University faculty: Peter Szatmari Archived 2013-04-05 at the Wayback Machine .
- ↑ Genome Canada boosts autism genetics research Archived 2007-02-08 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Stoddart, K. P. (Editor) (2005). "Children, Youth and Adults with Asperger Syndrome: Integrating Multiple Perspectives." London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. ISBN 1-84310-268-4. p. 239.
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